### Steps Requiring ATP This section outlines various biochemical steps and inquires which of them require ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) to proceed. ATP is often needed in metabolic processes for energy. 1. **Phosphorylation** - Involves the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule. 2. **Isomerization** - The process of converting a molecule into another molecule with the same atoms, but in a different arrangement. 3. **Second Phosphorylation** - A subsequent addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, which might indicate another ATP-dependent step. 4. **Cleavage** - Splitting a molecule into two smaller molecules. 5. **Conversion of DHAP into GADP** - The conversion of Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) into Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GADP), a rearrangement often seen in glycolysis. 6. **Dephosphorylation** - The removal of a phosphate group from a molecule. 7. **Phosphate Transfer** - The transfer of a phosphate group from one molecule to another. 8. **Dehydration** - The removal of water (H₂O) from a molecule. 9. **Second Dehydration** - An additional removal of water, indicating this step occurs twice or in separate contexts. The diagram does not contain graphs or additional diagrams to explain.

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Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.