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- Explain the role and functioning of chaperone proteins. Explain, why several chaperones (chaperonins) possess an ATPase activity?Describe the effects of (1) oligomycin and (2) uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, e.g., dinitrophenol (DNP), carbonyl cyanide-p- trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), on respiration and ATP synthesis when added to a suspension of mitochondria with excess malate, ADP, and inorganic phosphate (Pi).The intracellular use of glucose and glycogen is tightly regulated at four points. To compare the regulation of glycolysis when oxygen is plentiful and when it is depleted, consider the utilization of glucose and glycogen by rabbit leg muscle in two physiological settings: a resting rabbit and a rabbit that saw its mortal enemy, the coyote, and is dashing to its burrow. For each setting determine the relative levels of the following metabolites: Metabolite Resting.rabbit Dashing rabbit AMP ( Select) [ Select ) ATP ( Select) ( Select ) Citrate [ Select) ( Select ) Acetyl-CoA [ Select } ( Select ) >
- Red blood cells synthesize and degrade 2,3-biphosphogylerate (2,3-BPG) as a detour from the glycolytic pathway, as shown in the figure.2,3-BPG decreases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin by binding in the central cavity of the deoxygenated form of hemoglobin. This encourages delivery of oxygen to tissues. A defect in one of the glycolytic enzymes may affect levels of 2,3-BPG. The plot above right shows oxygen-binding curves for normal erythrocytes and for hexokinase and pyruvate kinase-deficient erythrocytes. Identify which curve corresponds to which enzyme deficiency.Hemoglobin molecules exposed to high levels of glucose areconverted to glycated products. The most common, referred to as hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), contains a b-chain glycatedadduct. Because red blood cells last about 3 months, HbA1Cconcentration is a useful measure of a patient’s blood sugarcontrol. In general terms, describe why and how HbA1Cforms.In angiogenic endothelial cells, pyruvate is converted to lactate (generating 2 ATP per glucose) rather than being completely oxidized (which would generate ~32 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation). Explain why angiogenic cells generate ATP anaerobically.
- C. Give the name of the enzyme that will most likely catalyze each of the following reactions: 1. СНз- СH2 - ОН + NAD+ -> CHз— С — Н NADH + H+ Ans. 2. CНз — С - СООН + R - CH— СООН CHз — СH — СООН + R - С- СООН NH2 NH2 Ans. 3. НО - С — CH - СCH2 — С — ОН НО - С — СH%3D CН - С — ОН + H2O OH Ans. 4. СО2 + CHз - С- С-он + о НО - С - СН2 -С-С-ОН оо АТР ADF + Pi Ans. 5. СНО СНО НО - С — Н H-C- OH НО - С - Н НО - С - н Н-С-ОН Н-С-ОН Н-С-ОН Н-С-ОН CH-ОН CH2OH Ans.Copper is a cofactor in several enzymes, including lysyl oxidase and superoxide dismutase.Ceruloplasmin, a deep-blue glycoprotein, is the principal copper-containing protein in blood. It isused to transport Cu2+ and maintain appropriate levels of Cu2+ in the body’s tissues.Ceruloplasmin also catalyzes the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+, an important reaction in ironmetabolism. Because the metal is widely found in foods, copper deficiency is rare in humans.Deficiency symptoms include anemia, leukopenia (reduction in blood levels of white blood cells),bone defects, and weakened arterial walls. The body is partially protected from exposure toexcessive copper (and several other metals) by metallothionein, a small, metal-binding protein thatpossesses a large proportion of cysteine residues. Certain metals (most notably zinc and cadmium)induce the synthesis of metallothionein in the intestine and liver.In Menkes syndrome intestinal absorption of copper is defective. How can affected infants…Consider a 24:1 △cis-9 fatty acid in the mitochondrion. For each fatty acid given, determine the following. 1. Gross ATP from b-oxidation cycles 2. Gross ATP from acetyl CoA produced 3. Gross ATP from conversion of propionyl CoA (if applicable) 4. Total number of ATP deducted 5. Total net ATP
- Provide an explanation for the intracellular separation offatty acid metabolic processes (i.e., fatty acid biosynthesisin cytoplasm and degradation in mitochondria andperoxisomes).. Because of the position of arsenic in the periodic table, arsenate (AsO}-) is chemically similar to inorganic phosphate and is used by phosphate-requiring enzymes as an alternative substrate. However, organic arsenates are quite unstable and spontaneously hydrolyze. Arsenate is known to inhibit ATP production in glycolysis. Identify the target enzyme, and explain the mechanism of inhibition.In type I diabetes mellitus, excessive production of acetyl-CoA may surpass the body’s capacity to oxidize it. As a result, acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone (ketone bodies) accumulate. When generated in large amounts, blood pH falls, thereby reducing the capacity of red blood cells to carry oxygen. Explain in general terms how high concentrations of ketone bodies may result in a fatal coma.