At first glance, it would seem a dangerous strategyfor the thymus to actively promote the survival, matura-tion, and emigration of developing T cells that bind weaklyto self peptides bound to self MHC molecules. Would itnot be safer to get rid of these T cells, along with those thatbind strongly to such self-peptide–MHC complexes, as thiswould seem a more secure way to avoid autoimmune reac-tions?

Q: Could a TC cell induce apoptosis in a “self” cell that lost the ability to produce MHC class I…

A: The ability of the recipient's antigen-presenting cells to select up antigens in tissues and…

Q: Compared to Type III hypersensitivities, reactions primarily involve -cell activity. Type IV…

A: “Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve first three sub-parts for…

Q: Class II MHC proteins display what kind of antigens? What class of T cell recognizes antigens bound…

A: Introduction: The MHC (major histocompatibility complex) is a group of genes that encodes for a set…

Q: If you were missing the gene sequence that codes for CD3, what consequence would this have on T…

A: Cells that exclusively exhibit certain cell types' as cell surface markers are biological molecules…

Q: Describe the binding site for superantigens on T cells andAPCs. How does this relate to the…

A: Step 1 Superantigens are microbial protein. The size of superantigens is of 22-29 Daltons in size…

Q: During MHC class I synthesis and folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a process of peptide…

A: The MHC class I molecules are responsible for the antigen presentation by infected or malignantly…

Q: How does the thymus help the body avoid autoimmune responses? (A) By negatively selecting T cells…

A: The immune system is a complicated network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to…

Q: What mechanism do Tc cells use to identify anddestroy infected cells in the body? How do Th cells…

A: Immune system protects the body against infection. Cells involved in immune functions are known as…

Q: Explain the clonal selection theory of receptor specifi city and diversity in lymphocytes.

A: The great diversity of receptors in the immune system is the result of the large number of genes…

Q: Identify which of the following is not a characteristic of belatacept. a. contains part of CTLA4…

A: Belatacept is a new immunosuppressive therapy designed that improves the clinical outcomes of kidney…

Q: A number of minor cancerous cells and infected viruses, such as Epstein Barr (EBV), are able to go…

A: Cytotoxic T cells or cytotoxic T lymphocytes are the type of T lymphocytes that plays a role in…

Q: Antibodies can have multiple mechanisms of action. The main mechanism is "flagging" a foreign body…

A: Antibodies are immunoglobulin proteins that are produced by the immune system as a result of the…

Q: 25. Which structure in development is composed of embryonic stem cells? 26. At which stage in…

A: After fertilization, the zygote and their associated membranes, which together called conceptus will…

Q: Explain the mechanism by which (A) macrophages and NK cells, and (B) macrophages and effector T…

A: Macrophages are the specialized cells that are involved in the process of detection, phagocytosis,…

Q: In regard to antigen presentation, MHC class I molecules usually present peptides derived from…

A: Introduction: T cell receptors (TCR) are present on T lymphocytes that are one of the immune cells…

Q: A mouse is infected with staphylococcal bacteria through a laceration in the skin of its paw.…

A: Dendritic cells are important immune system regulators. They act as a bridge between the innate and…

Q: What is meant by 'B lymphocytes are sensitive to clonal deletion'?

A: Immunity

Q: What is the differencebetween humoral specificimmune response and cellularspecific immune response?

A: There is an association between T-Lymphocytes and the  B-lymphocytes which is  basically responsible…

Q: Name five cell types involved in innate immunity and themajor functions of each.

A: Immunity is the ability of body to fight with the foreign particle which enters into the body.…

Q: How is the newly emerging repertoire of T cells, with their diverse pre-TCRs, further differentiated…

A: T-cell has a receptor on its outer surface known as a T-Cell Receptor (TCR). T cell originates from…

Q: Cancer cells often underexpress MHC class 1 molecules. Due to these characteristics, they may be the…

A: MHC class I molecules are heterodimers containing a heavy chain of about 350 amino acids and a light…

Q: What are the immunological implications of 'bare lymphocyte syndrome' /MHC deficiency?

A: The Bare lymphocyte syndrome is inherited and is an immune system disorder leading to…

Q: Why would the discovery of TLRs alter the view that innate immunity is non-specific?

A: Immune system fight against disease-causing agents but as the age increases the immune system get…

Q: Allergic reactions to penicillins are considered a/an hypersensitivity. T-cell-mediated O…

A: Hypersensitivity is a condition in which the normally protective immune system has harmful effect on…

Q: How do cytokine barriers provide innate immunity in humans ?

A: Cytokine is a term used for any low molecular weight soluble protein or glycoprotein released by one…

Q: Briefly describe the role of each in our innate defense system.

A: Innate defence system will help to increase the immunity power of the human being and to resist…

Q: Amino acid variation among MHC class II allotypes that present antigens to CD4 T cells is…

A: MHC or major histocompatibility complex is a set of genes. These genes are responsible for the…

Q: During the early developmental stages of α:β T cells in the thymus, there are two key checkpoints…

A: The T cells are mainly derived from hematopoietic stem cells present in the bone marrow. The…

Q: T cells in the thymus are determined to be T helper cells or T killer cells while undergoing…

A: The immune system is a complicated physiological system comprised of several organs, tissues, and…

Q: What is the name given toconditions in which the ownimmune system of theindividual is the agent…

A: The immune system (IS) consists of many cells and proteins which protect the body from several…

Q: The PAMP recognized by TLR3 is doublestranded RNA (dsRNA). Against which pathogens would TLR3 be an…

A: Antigens are substances that activate the immune system of the body. Antibodies are antigen-binding…

Q: Describe how helper T cells stimulate an increase in thenumber of B cells or T cells. Why is this…

A: Helper T cells are very important for the adaptive immunity. They are required for the activation of…

Q: Why is the concentration of this ligand for the NK-cell receptor CD94:NKG2A. on the target cell an…

A: The production of distinct activating as well as inhibitory receptors in a manner that stops the NK…

Q: Briefly describe the effector functions and mediators of the following CD4 T lymphocyte subsets.…

A: When B cell presenting antigen through MHC class II molecule, TH Cell recognise it. T helper cell…

Q: Vaccines work by stimulating a(n) [ Select] * that causes the rapid reproduction of a specific (…

A: The immune system can be broadly categorized into two parts, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity.…

Q: What distinguishes MHC I from MHC II? a-aquisition of antigenic peptide in the cytoplasm…

A: MHC I and MHC II   Major histocompatibility complex Class I and Class II proteins help in providing…

Q: The PAMP recognized by TLR3 is doublestranded RNA (dsRNA). Against which pathogens would TLR3 be an…

A: Toll-like receptors are proteins that function in the innate immune response. They consist of a…

Q: Describe two ways TREG cells inhibit adaptive immunity.

A: Adaptive immunity, also known as acquired immunity is a type of immune response that is developed by…

Q: Briefly describe the effector functions of the following subsets of CD4* helper T lymphocytes and…

A: Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.