It would be disastrous if a complement attack werenot confined to the surface of the pathogen that is the tar-get of the attack. Yet, the proteolytic cascade involved inthe attack liberates biologically active molecules at severalsteps: one that diffuses away and one that remains boundto the target surface. How does the complement reactionremain localized when active products leave the surface?

Q: Contrast the way that macrophages typically kill pathogenswith the method used by natural killer…

A: Introduction: Macrophages are a special type of cells present in the blood which gets activated in…

Q: 44. Which of the following is not true of the results of antigen-antibody binding? O Agglutination…

A: Antigen-antibody binding is the specific interaction that occurs in the immune system between…

Q: DIipiete the following t Types of lymphocytes involved: Site of lymphocyte maturation: Mode of…

A: Immunology is a section of biology that includes the study of molecules, cells, and organs that…

Q: List two different types of phagocytes. How do Tcells and B cells differ in their functions? From…

A: The immune system plays an important role in preventing and combating the diseases caused by…

Q: How might IRA B cells prevent bacterial sepsis?

A: Innate response activator B cells are a subset of B-1a derived B cells that produce the growth…

Q: Shigella, Mycobacterium, and numerous other pathogens have developed mechanisms that prevent them…

A: Pathogens have developed several methods to evade the immune mechanisms of the host. Evasion of the…

Q: Emil has fallen and scratched a wound on his knee. After a while, the knee swells and aches at the…

A: The entire activity of the immune system in tackling infection is depicted in the figure given.

Q: B) Complement system activation and elimination of a bacterial pathogen "Map the activation of the…

A: The complement system is a part of the body's defence system that enhances the ability of antibodies…

Q: Phagocytes are drawn to the area of cell damage by histamine by a process called

A: Phagocytes are categorised as white blood cells. They are responsible for engulfing cellular debris,…

Q: Compare and contrast live attenuated vaccines, inactivatedvaccines, and toxoids. Which of these has…

A: Vaccines are biological preparation that activate the acquired immunity against a particular…

Q: A 48 year old man who emigrated from India comes to the physician because of a 6 month history of…

A: What is biopsy???  A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small tissue sample is taken from the…

Q: Outline and describe the steps of Classical pathway of complement activation; from initiation to…

A: The complement system is part of the body’s immune system. The complement system consists of…

Q: What mechanism do Tc cells use to identify anddestroy infected cells in the body? How do Th cells…

A: Immune system protects the body against infection. Cells involved in immune functions are known as…

Q: Contrast the pathways of complement activation.

A: The complement system consists of about thirty serum proteins and also some cell surface…

Q: Define plakophilin-2).

A: Plakophilin-2 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the PKP2 Gene. It is expressed in skin and…

Q: hy immune system does not recognize the normal flora of microbes as antigen? with explanation

A: The immune system is well-knwon defined as a term that stated as a complicated system of cells and…

Q: Describe the complement system. Is the order ofprotein interactions important? Why or why…

A: Since its disclosure in the nineteenth century, the complement system has formed into a clinically…

Q: At first glance, it would seem a dangerous strategyfor the thymus to actively promote the survival,…

A: Major histocompatibility complicated (MHC), cluster of genes that code for proteins found on the…

Q: Macrophages perform the final job of removingtissue debris and other products of infection.Indicate…

A: Macrophages are large specialised cells which are important in immune system. They are formed in…

Q: What is the differencebetween humoral specificimmune response and cellularspecific immune response?

A: There is an association between T-Lymphocytes and the  B-lymphocytes which is  basically responsible…

Q: How many types of “foreign molecules” (use the proper term where needed) does each cell recognize?…

A: Antigens can be classified according to their source: Antigens from outside the body Exogenous…

Q: High numbers of “good” bacteria are foundin the intestine and on the skin. The immune system needs…

A: All cells have distinguishing markers on their surfaces. A portion of the markers is made of…

Q: Macrophages perform the fi nal job of removing tissue debris and other products of infection.…

A: Macrophages are the cleaner of the immune system and perform various immune related functions in the…

Q: Why should B cells residing in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues produce IgA?

A: Antibodies are glycoprotein molecules that are concerned with the Humoral immune response of the…

Q: What triggers the alternative pathway for complement activation?

A: Complementation is a phenomenon that is observed in our immune system which increases the ability…

Q: Each is an effect of complement activation EXCEPT     interference with viral replication.…

A: The complement system is a course of serine proteases that is encoded by genes starting from similar…

Q: he name of the waxy chemical found in Mycobacterium cell walls that promotes immunevasion?

A: Neither absolutely gram-negative nor gram-positive, the envelope of mycobacteria  is planned to…

Q: What is mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)? Inwhat way is the location of MALT beneficial?

A: Lymphoid tissue is referred to as the organized structures principally responsible for carrying out…

Q: Why is the adaptive immune response to an initial infection slower thanthe innate response?

A: Natural immunity is called innate immunity that is present in all animals. It is the primary defense…

Q: How is complement activation triggered in the classical complement pathway, and how does complement…

A: The complement system is also known as the complement cascade. It is a part of the immune system. As…

Q: Looking at figure , explain how thisphenomenon pertains to allergies.

A: The hapten-carrier phenomenon is seen with many allergies to common household chemicals, and some…

Q: What are some factors that trigger the complement cascade?

A: The complement cascade is a system of proteins that accounts for intensifying the antibody’s ability…

Q: Describe the two methods a bacterial cell dies due to activating the complement system;

A: The complement system is an innate immune system component that consists of a series of proteins…

Q: What are 3 functions of the classical complement pathway

A: Answer: Introduction: The complement system, (Complement= protein) also called as complement…

Q: Discuss the process an antigen presenting phagocyte [macrophages and dendritic cells] uses to…

A: Immune system cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, engage phagocytosis, in which they…

Q: What is the name given toconditions in which the ownimmune system of theindividual is the agent…

A: The immune system (IS) consists of many cells and proteins which protect the body from several…

Q: In New York City, four Orthodox Jewish patients brought into anemergency clinic with seizures and…

A: Cysticercosis is a type of parasitic infection caused by pork tapeworms such as Taenia solium. A…

Q: Please explain why

A: Option a  Mesenteric lymph nodes

Q: Complement can lead to the formation of the MAC which essentially lyses the target cell. Name…

A: The complement system is the system that is activated against any foreign antigen when it enters…

Q: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a disease characterized by lysis of red blood cells, which…

A: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. It is a rare disease that is caused by a mutation in bone…

Q: A 19 -year old man comes to the physician because of a severely itchy, blistering rash on his legs…

A: An extremely itchy, blistering rash that has been on the patient's legs for two days brings a…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.