It would be disastrous if a complement attack werenot confined to the surface of the pathogen that is the tar-get of the attack. Yet, the proteolytic cascade involved inthe attack liberates biologically active molecules at severalsteps: one that diffuses away and one that remains boundto the target surface. How does the complement reactionremain localized when active products leave the surface?

Q: Contrast the way that macrophages typically kill pathogenswith the method used by natural killer…

A: Introduction: Macrophages are a special type of cells present in the blood which gets activated in…

Q: The greatest concentration of-5 antibodies is found in the fraction of ..the serum beta globulin O…

A: The first evidence that antibodies were contained in particular serum protein fractions came from…

Q: List two different types of phagocytes. How do Tcells and B cells differ in their functions? From…

A: The immune system plays an important role in preventing and combating the diseases caused by…

Q: Explain in detail about sequential event leading to foreign body reaction that lead to formation of…

A: The body has the ability to heal itself. Whenever injury or wound occurs in the body and the process…

Q: Emil has fallen and scratched a wound on his knee. After a while, the knee swells and aches at the…

A: The entire activity of the immune system in tackling infection is depicted in the figure given.

Q: B) Complement system activation and elimination of a bacterial pathogen "Map the activation of the…

A: The complement system is a part of the body's defence system that enhances the ability of antibodies…

Q: in order for phagocytic cells to recognize pathogens, the        on the pathogen surface must…

A: Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within…

Q: Phagocytes are drawn to the area of cell damage by histamine by a process called

A: Phagocytes are categorised as white blood cells. They are responsible for engulfing cellular debris,…

Q: Compare and contrast live attenuated vaccines, inactivatedvaccines, and toxoids. Which of these has…

A: Vaccines are biological preparation that activate the acquired immunity against a particular…

Q: What mechanism do Tc cells use to identify anddestroy infected cells in the body? How do Th cells…

A: Immune system protects the body against infection. Cells involved in immune functions are known as…

Q: How would you argue antigenic nature of LPS in gram negative cell wall?

A: Gram-negative bacteria are characterized by an envelope that contains two membranes: an inner…

Q: Define plakophilin-2).

A: Plakophilin-2 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the PKP2 Gene. It is expressed in skin and…

Q: Macrophages perform the final job of removingtissue debris and other products of infection.Indicate…

A: Macrophages are large specialised cells which are important in immune system. They are formed in…

Q: How many types of “foreign molecules” (use the proper term where needed) does each cell recognize?…

A: Antigens can be classified according to their source: Antigens from outside the body Exogenous…

Q: High numbers of “good” bacteria are foundin the intestine and on the skin. The immune system needs…

A: All cells have distinguishing markers on their surfaces. A portion of the markers is made of…

Q: Plz describe

A: Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins are Y-shaped globular proteins secreted by the plasma…

Q: Macrophages perform the fi nal job of removing tissue debris and other products of infection.…

A: Macrophages are the cleaner of the immune system and perform various immune related functions in the…

Q: Why should B cells residing in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues produce IgA?

A: Antibodies are glycoprotein molecules that are concerned with the Humoral immune response of the…

Q: What triggers the alternative pathway for complement activation?

A: Complementation is a phenomenon that is observed in our immune system which increases the ability…

Q: Which of the following phenomena result in the observed reaction many people have to penicillin?…

A: Penicillin is a type of antibiotic that is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. However,…

Q: Microb Which mechanism(s) of complement activation starts or initiates the complement response.…

A: Complement is a part of immune system. Activation of complement helps in the elimination of…

Q: Each is an effect of complement activation EXCEPT     interference with viral replication.…

A: The complement system is a course of serine proteases that is encoded by genes starting from similar…

Q: he name of the waxy chemical found in Mycobacterium cell walls that promotes immunevasion?

A: Neither absolutely gram-negative nor gram-positive, the envelope of mycobacteria  is planned to…

Q: Why is the adaptive immune response to an initial infection slower thanthe innate response?

A: Natural immunity is called innate immunity that is present in all animals. It is the primary defense…

Q: Which of the following is NOT an antibody-mediated mechanism for removal of antigens? O Opsonization…

A: The antigen and antibody work in concert. They play a major role in the immune system. The antigen…

Q: A pyrogen causes O Phagocytosis O None of the listed answers are correct. Inflammation

A: Pyrogens are substances that can cause fever. They can be produced by body tissue or by pathogens,…

Q: Which type of defense celldo bacteria attract and causeto multiply during theinflammation process?…

A: The different kinds of immune cells patrol the body in which macrophages are the first to fight…

Q: _, concentration gradients of microbial substances and inflammatory In the process called mediators…

A: Diapedesis and inflammation are processes that are studied under the domain of immunology.…

Q: Describe the two methods a bacterial cell dies due to activating the complement system;

A: The complement system is an innate immune system component that consists of a series of proteins…

Q: Which of the following stimuli does NOT activate the inflammasome? O Endogenous cytokines O Viruses…

A: Inflammasomes are multimeric protein complexes that play important roles in the innate immune…

Q: What are 3 functions of the classical complement pathway

A: Answer: Introduction: The complement system, (Complement= protein) also called as complement…

Q: Discuss the process an antigen presenting phagocyte [macrophages and dendritic cells] uses to…

A: Immune system cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, engage phagocytosis, in which they…

Q: Of which type of defensecell do viral infectionsstimulate the multiplication?

A: Viral infection causes stimulation of various specific and nonspecific types of immunity in the…

Q: In New York City, four Orthodox Jewish patients brought into anemergency clinic with seizures and…

A: Cysticercosis is a type of parasitic infection caused by pork tapeworms such as Taenia solium. A…

Q: Complement can lead to the formation of the MAC which essentially lyses the target cell. Name…

A: The complement system is the system that is activated against any foreign antigen when it enters…

Q: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a disease characterized by lysis of red blood cells, which…

A: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. It is a rare disease that is caused by a mutation in bone…

Q: Which of the following is not an outcome of complement activati O extravasation O inflammation O…

A: Complement system is a series of reactions which occurs as immune response to increase the…

Q: What is complement activation in the biological sense

A: Immune system is a defense system in a human body that protects the body against invading pathogens…

Q: How do host immune systems recognize microbial invasion? You can focus on a Gram (-) bacterial…

A: The immune system is a complicated system consisting of organs, cells, and proteins which safeguards…

Q: Cytokines are released by phagocytes to initiate inflammation and ____________.     attract more of…

A: When any thing is present on the surface of the cell and binds to it it results in engulfing it and…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.