As seen in the table, compounds containing an integer ratio of elements depend on how many cations combine with how many anions to form a stable compound. For example, in table 1, to form a NaCl compound, first Na ionizes from the Na+ cation which is having +1 positive charge, which will lose 1 electron, it is having +1 charge, this electron then goes to Cl and it will change to Cl- anion by gaining the electron, so here 1:1 ratio charge which means 1 Na+ combines with 1 Cl-1 to form NaCl. So here integer ratio is 1:1 for this sodium chloride compound. As listed in table 2, Mg(OH)2, the integer ratio is 1:2 which means, Mg is a neutral atom that loses 2 electrons and forms an Mg+2 cation, which combines with OH which gains 1 electron to form OH- anion, So here Mg2+ can combine with 2 OH- anion, so they both combine to form Mg(OH)2 which has integer ratio as 1:2 . Thus, atom forms as ions by losing or gaining electrons and combines together in whole number ratio to form stable compounds. Thus, atoms with neutral charge lose or gain electrons to form ions, which then combine in a whole number ratio. How do the examples above support the hypothesis, "Upon ionization, an atom becomes a positive cation, which interacts and bonds with a negative anion to form an ionic bond."? What are some inferences that you can make about the charts that are not obvious?
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
As seen in the table, compounds containing an integer ratio of elements depend on how many cations combine with how many anions to form a stable compound. For example, in table 1, to form a NaCl compound, first Na ionizes from the Na+ cation which is having +1 positive charge, which will lose 1 electron, it is having +1 charge, this electron then goes to Cl and it will change to Cl- anion by gaining the electron, so here 1:1 ratio charge which means 1 Na+ combines with 1 Cl-1 to form NaCl. So here integer ratio is 1:1 for this sodium chloride compound. As listed in table 2, Mg(OH)2, the integer ratio is 1:2 which means, Mg is a neutral atom that loses 2 electrons and forms an Mg+2 cation, which combines with OH which gains 1 electron to form OH- anion, So here Mg2+ can combine with 2 OH- anion, so they both combine to form Mg(OH)2 which has integer ratio as 1:2 . Thus, atom forms as ions by losing or gaining electrons and combines together in whole number ratio to form stable compounds. Thus, atoms with neutral charge lose or gain electrons to form ions, which then combine in a whole number ratio.
How do the examples above support the hypothesis, "Upon ionization, an atom becomes a positive cation, which interacts and bonds with a negative anion to form an ionic bond."? What are some inferences that you can make about the charts that are not obvious?
![SCIENTIFIC QUESTION:
What is the purpose of compounds containing integer ratios of elements?
HYPOTHESIS:
Upon ionization, an atom becomes a positive cation, which interacts and bonds with a
negative anion to form an ionic bond.
TABLE 1
COMPOUND CATION
NAME
Sodium
Chloride Na+1
Sodium Na+1
Oxide
Sodium
Hydroxide
Aluminum
Phosphate Al+3
Aluminum
Oxide
Na+1
Iron(III)
Oxide
Al+3
Iron(11) Fe+2
Oxide
Fe+3
ELECTRONS
LOST TO
CREATE
THE CATION
One
One
One
Three
Three
Two
Three
ANION
CH-1
0-2
PO-3
4
ELECTRONS
GAINED TO
CREATE
THE ANION
OH-1 One
0-2
One
0-2
Two
0-2 Two
Three
Two
Two
FORMULA
NaCl
Na20
NaOH
AIPO4
A1203
FeO
Fe203
RATIO OF
METAL
ATOMS TO
NONMETAL
ATOMS
(MAN)
1:1
2:1
1:1
1:1
2:3
1.1
2.3
COMMON USE
FOR THE
COMPOUND
Table salt
Ceramic
glazes
"lye," has
many uses.
One is an
ingredient in
soap.
Used as an
anti-caking
agent in
iodized table
salt
"alumina,
protects the
metal from
further
oxidation
An ingredient
used in audio
and video
More
commonly
known as rust.
Substances
Magnesium and Hydroxide
Ammonium and Oxygen
Calcium and Carbonate
Sodium and Chlorine
Hydrogen and Sulfate
Puzzle Picture
он-
OH-
Mg²+
NH
NH
0²-
Ca²+ CO²-
Na+ Cl
H+
H+
so²-
Mg(OH)2
NHA (O2)
CaCO3
NaCl
HSO4
Formula](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F74c338b6-3b73-4340-9312-2ab60a3dd824%2Fffbcef6b-b568-47b8-b9bb-99c654f709e4%2F9bkupa_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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