Answer the following questions about the conversion of the sucrose (C 12H 22O 11) in sugarcane to ethanol (C 2H 6O) and CO 2 according to the following unbalanced equation. In this way sugarcane is used as a renewable source of ethanol, which is used as a fuel additive in gasoline. C12H22O11(s) + H2O(l)---------->C2H6O(l) + CO2(g) sucrose ethanol a. What is the molar mass of sucrose? b. Balance the given equation. c. How many moles of ethanol are formed from 2 mol of sucrose? d. How many moles of water are needed to react with 10 mol of sucrose? e. How many grams of ethanol are formed from 0.550 mol of sucrose? f. How many grams of ethanol are formed from 34.2 g of sucrose? g. What is the theoretical yield of ethanol in grams from 17.1 g of sucrose? h. If 1.25 g of ethanol are formed in the reaction in part (g), what is the percent yield of ethanol?
Basics in Organic Reactions Mechanisms
In organic chemistry, the mechanism of an organic reaction is defined as a complete step-by-step explanation of how a reaction of organic compounds happens. A completely detailed mechanism would relate the first structure of the reactants with the last structure of the products and would represent changes in structure and energy all through the reaction step.
Heterolytic Bond Breaking
Heterolytic bond breaking is also known as heterolysis or heterolytic fission or ionic fission. It is defined as breaking of a covalent bond between two different atoms in which one atom gains both of the shared pair of electrons. The atom that gains both electrons is more electronegative than the other atom in covalent bond. The energy needed for heterolytic fission is called as heterolytic bond dissociation energy.
Polar Aprotic Solvent
Solvents that are chemically polar in nature and are not capable of hydrogen bonding (implying that a hydrogen atom directly linked with an electronegative atom is not found) are referred to as polar aprotic solvents. Some commonly used polar aprotic solvents are acetone, DMF, acetonitrile, DMSO, etc.
Oxygen Nucleophiles
Oxygen being an electron rich species with a lone pair electron, can act as a good nucleophile. Typically, oxygen nucleophiles can be found in these compounds- water, hydroxides and alcohols.
Carbon Nucleophiles
We are aware that carbon belongs to group IV and hence does not possess any lone pair of electrons. Implying that neutral carbon is not a nucleophile then how is carbon going to be nucleophilic? The answer to this is that when a carbon atom is attached to a metal (can be seen in the case of organometallic compounds), the metal atom develops a partial positive charge and carbon develops a partial negative charge, hence making carbon nucleophilic.
Answer the following questions about the conversion of the
sucrose (C 12H 22O 11) in sugarcane to ethanol (C 2H 6O) and
CO 2 according to the following unbalanced equation. In this
way sugarcane is used as a renewable source of ethanol,
which is used as a fuel additive in gasoline.
C12H22O11(s) + H2O(l)---------->C2H6O(l) + CO2(g)
sucrose ethanol
a. What is the molar mass of sucrose?
b. Balance the given equation.
c. How many moles of ethanol are formed from 2 mol of
sucrose?
d. How many moles of water are needed to react with 10 mol
of sucrose?
e. How many grams of ethanol are formed from 0.550 mol
of sucrose?
f. How many grams of ethanol are formed from 34.2 g of
sucrose?
g. What is the theoretical yield of ethanol in grams from
17.1 g of sucrose?
h. If 1.25 g of ethanol are formed in the reaction in part (g),
what is the percent yield of ethanol?
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