After graduating from UNC Charlotte with the BS in Biology, you are hired as a technician in a U. S. Department of Agriculture Research Station and assigned to a team that is investigating a new malady that has appeared in leaf cutter bees (shown below). Leaf cutter bees are solitary (i.e. non-social) bees which are essential pollinators for many of the crops that we feed livestock, such as alfalfa. The bees are becoming infected with a gram-positive bacteria that alters their immune response such that the bacteria cannot be eliminated and eventually the bees die. Your team is investigating how the bacteria might alter the bees’ immune response. You set up two groups of leaf cutter bees: the Treatment group is infected with the bacteria and the Control group is uninfected. You then compare the two groups for the different components of the insect immune system shown in the figures below (in Fig. 3 GLD = FAD-glucose dehydrogenase). Remember: P > 0.05 means the differences are not significant; P < 0.05 means the differences are significant. True and False: 1. The results indicate that the bacteria are interfering with the ability of plasmatocytes to carry out the process of nodulation. 2. The results indicate that the functioning of granulocytes is unaffected. 3. The bacteria are blocking the formation of pattern recognition receptors by hemocytes and cells of the fat bodies, thereby preventing an immune response from being initiated. The image contains a collage consisting of a photograph of an insect and five bar graphs, labeled Fig. 1 to Fig. 5. Below is a detailed transcription and explanation.### Photograph- The top-left section features an image of a small insect perched on a white flower. This insect might be relevant to the study associated with the graphs.### Graphs**Fig. 1: Noduler**- This bar graph compares two groups: Treatment and Control.- The Y-axis represents the noduler levels.- Both groups have similar levels, indicated by the p-value (> 0.05), suggesting no significant difference between them.**Fig. 2: Hemolin**- This graph shows the comparison of hemolin levels between Treatment and Control.- The Y-axis denotes hemolin levels.- The p-value (> 0.05) suggests there is no statistically significant difference.**Fig. 3: GLD Level**- This figure contrasts the GLD (assumed to be a biomarker or compound) levels between the two groups.- The Y-axis indicates GLD levels.- The Treatment group shows noticeably lower levels compared to Control, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05).**Fig. 4: Melanin**- This graph examines melanin levels, with substantial differences between groups.- The Y-axis indicates melanin amounts.- The Treatment group displays much lower levels, highlighting significant differences (p < 0.05).**Fig. 5: Defensins**- This chart depicts defensins levels comparison.- The Y-axis represents defensins levels.- Similar levels between the groups and a p-value (> 0.05) suggest no significant difference.### SummaryThe bar graphs provide insights into the effects of a specific treatment on various biological markers in an organism. Significant differences are observed in GLD levels and melanin levels, while noduler, hemolin, and defensins show no significant changes.

The insect's blood cells are called hemocytes and they are similar to macrophages with phagocytic…

After graduating from UNC Charlotte with the BS in Biology, you are hired as a technician in a U. S. Department of Agriculture Research Station and assigned to a team that is investigating a new malady that has appeared in leaf cutter bees (shown below). Leaf cutter bees are solitary (i.e. non-social) bees which are essential pollinators for many of the crops that we feed livestock, such as alfalfa. The bees are becoming infected with a gram-positive bacteria that alters their immune response such that the bacteria cannot be eliminated and eventually the bees die. Your team is investigating how the bacteria might alter the bees’ immune response. You set up two groups of leaf cutter bees: the Treatment group is infected with the bacteria and the Control group is uninfected. You then compare the two groups for the different components of the insect immune system shown in the figures below (in Fig. 3 GLD = FAD-glucose dehydrogenase). Remember: P > 0.05 means the differences are not significant; P < 0.05 means the differences are significant. True and False: 1. The results indicate that the bacteria are interfering with the ability of plasmatocytes to carry out the process of nodulation. 2. The results indicate that the functioning of granulocytes is unaffected. 3. The bacteria are blocking the formation of pattern recognition receptors by hemocytes and cells of the fat bodies, thereby preventing an immune response from being initiated

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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After graduating from UNC Charlotte with the BS in Biology, you are hired as a technician in a U. S. Department of Agriculture Research Station and assigned to a team that is investigating a new malady that has appeared in leaf cutter bees (shown below). Leaf cutter bees are solitary (i.e. non-social) bees which are essential pollinators for many of the crops that we feed livestock, such as alfalfa. The bees are becoming infected with a gram-positive bacteria that alters their immune response such that the bacteria cannot be eliminated and eventually the bees die. Your team is investigating how the bacteria might alter the bees’ immune response. You set up two groups of leaf cutter bees: the Treatment group is infected with the bacteria and the Control group is uninfected. You then compare the two groups for the different components of the insect immune system shown in the figures below (in Fig. 3 GLD = FAD-glucose dehydrogenase). Remember: P > 0.05 means the differences are not significant; P < 0.05 means the differences are significant.

True and False:

1. The results indicate that the bacteria are interfering with the ability of plasmatocytes to carry out the process of nodulation.

2. The results indicate that the functioning of granulocytes is unaffected.
3. The bacteria are blocking the formation of pattern recognition receptors by hemocytes and cells of the fat bodies, thereby preventing an immune response from being initiated.

The image contains a collage consisting of a photograph of an insect and five bar graphs, labeled Fig. 1 to Fig. 5. Below is a detailed transcription and explanation.

### Photograph
- The top-left section features an image of a small insect perched on a white flower. This insect might be relevant to the study associated with the graphs.

### Graphs

**Fig. 1: Noduler**
- This bar graph compares two groups: Treatment and Control.
- The Y-axis represents the noduler levels.
- Both groups have similar levels, indicated by the p-value (> 0.05), suggesting no significant difference between them.

**Fig. 2: Hemolin**
- This graph shows the comparison of hemolin levels between Treatment and Control.
- The Y-axis denotes hemolin levels.
- The p-value (> 0.05) suggests there is no statistically significant difference.

**Fig. 3: GLD Level**
- This figure contrasts the GLD (assumed to be a biomarker or compound) levels between the two groups.
- The Y-axis indicates GLD levels.
- The Treatment group shows noticeably lower levels compared to Control, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05).

**Fig. 4: Melanin**
- This graph examines melanin levels, with substantial differences between groups.
- The Y-axis indicates melanin amounts.
- The Treatment group displays much lower levels, highlighting significant differences (p < 0.05).

**Fig. 5: Defensins**
- This chart depicts defensins levels comparison.
- The Y-axis represents defensins levels.
- Similar levels between the groups and a p-value (> 0.05) suggest no significant difference.

### Summary
The bar graphs provide insights into the effects of a specific treatment on various biological markers in an organism. Significant differences are observed in GLD levels and melanin levels, while noduler, hemolin, and defensins show no significant changes.

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