Active subunit - A Binding subunit-B) Binding site 1 B subunit binds to a specific molecule on the host cell. 2 Toxin is taken up by endocytosis. 3 Toxin subunits separate allowing the A subunit to enter the cytoplasm, where it exerts its toxic effects. FIGURE 16.11 The Action of an A-B Toxin The structure and mechanisms of uptake of different A-B toxins may vary slightly.

Q: What is meant by the term “affinity maturation” and what is its significance in the human immune…

A: The Immune System is made up of many types of cells and chemicals that defend our bodies against…

Q: Why is a cell-mediated immune response more effective against intracellular microorganisms (such as…

A: The objective of the question is to understand why a cell-mediated immune response is more effective…

Q: Diagram an IgG molecule and label (a) the Fc region and (b) the areas that combine with antigen.

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Q: What are three roles played by the Fc domain of an antibody?

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Q: Draw the general structure of an antibody and list the different classes as well as their abundance

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Q: Tuberculosis is a chronic respiratory condition caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a high…

A: Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Q: What kind(s) of intermolecular interactions could be involved in the binding between an antibody and…

A: Intermolecular Interactions These are the interaction between 2 different molecules.  They may be -…

Q: how can allergen(a) responsible be identified

A: Here we have to discuss that how responsible allergen will be identified?

Q: a b

A: To determine: To determine the two V domains that have the amino acid sequences most important for…

Q: Which of the enzymatic fragments are able to bind antigen?

A: BASIC INFORMATION  IMMUNE SYSTEM  It defends our body from the foreign particles which can cause…

Q: To study the immune responses that provide protection against tumor growth in mice, some…

A: Cytokines are immunological molecules present in biological systems that are important for cell…

Q: Describe the basic structure of class I and class IImajor histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins.…

A: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a cluster of genes which is tightly linked and is found in…

Q: How is the antibody-antigen complex (immune complex) described or characterized by affinity and…

A: Affinity refers to the strength of a single interaction between an antibody binding site (paratope)…

Q: Explain Using antibodies to monitor protein localization.

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Q: Antibodies are composed of two types of peptides, heavy chains and light chains. One of the major…

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Q: Give one example each of T4 early, middle, and late proteins.

A: The translation and transcription process starts after infection of host cell to produce new virions…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.