Which cleavage pattern (indicated by the red triangles in figure below) yields a fragment that has the same antigen-binding avidity as the intact antibody, but is unable to activate complement after binding to a pathogen? ### Fragmentation Techniques of AntibodiesThe diagram illustrates the different enzymatic or chemical fragmentation techniques used to cleave antibodies into their respective functional regions. Each panel (a-e) shows a different method, highlighted by red arrows to indicate points of cleavage:1. **Panel (a): Pepsin Digestion** - **Description:** This panel depicts the cleavage of an antibody by pepsin. - **Cleavage Site:** The site of cleavage is located below the hinge region of the antibody.2. **Panel (b): Papain Digestion** - **Description:** This panel shows an antibody being cleaved by papain. - **Cleavage Site:** The cleavage occurs above the hinge region, yielding two Fab fragments and one Fc fragment.3. **Panel (c): Reduced Conditions** - **Description:** Under reducing conditions, disulfide bonds within the antibody are broken. - **Cleavage Site:** The diagram highlights the breaking of disulfide bonds typically found in the hinge region.4. **Panel (d): Lys-C Digestion** - **Description:** This panel illustrates antibody fragmentation due to Lys-C enzyme digestion. - **Cleavage Site:** Cleavage occurs at specific lysine residues within the hinge region.5. **Panel (e): IdeS Digestion** - **Description:** This panel shows an antibody being cleaved by the ideS enzyme. - **Cleavage Site:** The site of ideS cleavage is at a specific site within the lower hinge region, resulting in fragments that separate the Fab and Fc regions.Each fragmentation method is essential for different experimental needs, enabling researchers to study the functional properties of various antibody regions or use these fragments in therapeutic applications. The choice of enzyme or chemical for cleavage depends on the desired fragments and their applications in immunological research.**Applications:**- **Pepsin Digestion:** Used to produce F(ab')2 fragments which retain antigen-binding regions.- **Papain Digestion:** Useful for generating separate Fab and Fc fragments.- **Reduced Conditions:** Useful for denaturing the antibody to study individual chains.- **Lys-C Digestion:** Helps in detailed analysis of hinge variants.- **IdeS Digestion:** Produces F(ab')2 and Fc fragments, valuable for therapeutic purposes.Understanding these fragmentation techniques helps in the precise application of antibody fragments in diagnostics, therapeutics, and structural biology studies.

The biological impact of an antibody on a microorganism or its toxin in the context of infectious…

Which cleavage pattern (indicated by the red triangles in figure below) yields a fragment that has the same antigen-binding avidity as the intact antibody, but is unable to activate complement after binding to a pathogen?

Which cleavage pattern (indicated by the red triangles in figure below) yields a fragment that has the same antigen-binding avidity as the intact antibody, but is unable to activate complement after binding to a pathogen?

Basic Clinical Laboratory Techniques 6E

6th Edition

ISBN:9781133893943

Author:ESTRIDGE

Publisher:ESTRIDGE

Chapter4: Basic Immunology And Immunohematology

Section4.1: Introduction To Immunology

Problem 10RQ

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Concept explainers

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.

Question

### Fragmentation Techniques of Antibodies

The diagram illustrates the different enzymatic or chemical fragmentation techniques used to cleave antibodies into their respective functional regions. Each panel (a-e) shows a different method, highlighted by red arrows to indicate points of cleavage:

1. **Panel (a): Pepsin Digestion**
- **Description:** This panel depicts the cleavage of an antibody by pepsin.
- **Cleavage Site:** The site of cleavage is located below the hinge region of the antibody.

2. **Panel (b): Papain Digestion**
- **Description:** This panel shows an antibody being cleaved by papain.
- **Cleavage Site:** The cleavage occurs above the hinge region, yielding two Fab fragments and one Fc fragment.

3. **Panel (c): Reduced Conditions**
- **Description:** Under reducing conditions, disulfide bonds within the antibody are broken.
- **Cleavage Site:** The diagram highlights the breaking of disulfide bonds typically found in the hinge region.

4. **Panel (d): Lys-C Digestion**
- **Description:** This panel illustrates antibody fragmentation due to Lys-C enzyme digestion.
- **Cleavage Site:** Cleavage occurs at specific lysine residues within the hinge region.

5. **Panel (e): IdeS Digestion**
- **Description:** This panel shows an antibody being cleaved by the ideS enzyme.
- **Cleavage Site:** The site of ideS cleavage is at a specific site within the lower hinge region, resulting in fragments that separate the Fab and Fc regions.

Each fragmentation method is essential for different experimental needs, enabling researchers to study the functional properties of various antibody regions or use these fragments in therapeutic applications. The choice of enzyme or chemical for cleavage depends on the desired fragments and their applications in immunological research.

**Applications:**
- **Pepsin Digestion:** Used to produce F(ab')2 fragments which retain antigen-binding regions.
- **Papain Digestion:** Useful for generating separate Fab and Fc fragments.
- **Reduced Conditions:** Useful for denaturing the antibody to study individual chains.
- **Lys-C Digestion:** Helps in detailed analysis of hinge variants.
- **IdeS Digestion:** Produces F(ab')2 and Fc fragments, valuable for therapeutic purposes.

Understanding these fragmentation techniques helps in the precise application of antibody fragments in diagnostics, therapeutics, and structural biology studies.

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