Acety-CoA CoA CH, но-с-соо čoo Oxaloacetate Citrate čoo çoo CH, CH-CO0 HO-C-H NADH çoo CH-OH NAD Malate coo Isocitate Coo NAD çoo NADH H CH • co, Fumarate HC coo FADH, oketoglutarate NAD CoA NADH + H •co, FAD Succinate Coo poo CH, çoo Çoo Succiny-CoA
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
![coo
CH,-č-CoA + H,0
Acetyl-CoA CoA
CH,
но-с-соо
coo
CH,
Citrate čoo
Oxaloacetate
NADH
Çoo
CH,
сн-соо
сн-он
NAD
CH,
Malate
но-с-н
Coo
Isocitrate CoO
NAD
coo
NADH + H
CH
+ co,
Fumarate
HC
Coo
CH,
CH,
a-ketoglutarate
FADH,
NAD
• COA
NADH + H
• co,
FAD
Succinate
čoo
CH,
-CH,
Succinyl-CoA
CH,
coo
GTP + COA
GDP• P.
COA
In step 4 of this cycle the a-ketoglutarate complex uses the following cofactors or coenzymes
which are also used by
O A. Zn", Mg**; pyruvate carboxylase
В.
FAD; dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
TPP, COASH, Lipoic Acid; pyruvate carboxylase
OP. TPP, COASH, Lipoic Acid; pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
O E. biotin; pyruvate dehydrogenase complex](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F18593a3a-b463-4aeb-a821-a472ffee6b36%2Fd0ed0bbb-163d-4cd3-b3f2-fae91d3c7762%2F4qadbnj_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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