Abnormalities In the 1980s it was generally believedthat congenital abnormalities affected about 5% of thenation’s children. Some people believe that the increasein the number of chemicals in the environment has ledto an increase in the incidence of abnormalities. A recentstudy examined 384 children and found that 46 of themshowed signs of an abnormality. Is this strong evidencethat the risk has increased?a) Write appropriate hypotheses.b) Check the necessary assumptions.c) Perform the mechanics of the test. What is theP-value?d) Explain carefully what the P-value means in context.e) What’s your conclusion?f) Do environmental chemicals cause congenitalabnormalities?

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Types of Bias

Statistics is the study of data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Statistical bias is a characteristic of a statistical technique or its findings in which the expected value deviates from the actual root quantitative parameter being estimated. According to the actual definition of bias, it refers to the tendency of a statistic to overestimate or underestimate a parameter.