Classes Of Functional Groups
Organic Chemistry deals mostly with carbon and hydrogens, also called hydrocarbons, but those groups which replace hydrogen and bonds with carbon to give a characteristic nature, unique of their own, to the hydrocarbon they are attached to, are called functional groups. All the compounds belonging to a functional group undergo reactions in a similar pattern and are known to have similar physical and chemical properties.
Characteristics Of Functional Groups
In organic chemistry, we encounter a number of special substituent groups which are attached to the hydrocarbon backbone. These groups impart certain characteristics to the molecule of which it is a part of and thus, become the highlight of that particular molecule.
IUPAC Nomenclature
In Chemistry, IUPAC stands for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry which suggested a systematic naming approach for the organic and inorganic compounds, as in the beginning stage of nomenclature one single chemical compound was named in many ways by which lead to confusion. The need for this approach aroused as the number of chemical compounds newly discovered were increasing (approximately 32 million compounds) and the basic concept of nomenclature i.e. the trivial nomenclature and the derived system of nomenclature failed to overcome the challenge. It is an important task to name a chemical compound systematically and unambiguously which reduces lots of confusion about the newly reported compounds.
![A. Starting from t-butyl alcohol:
CH₂
CH3
1. 1.1-dimethyloxirane
B. Starting from R-2-pentanol (please show the R conformer and all other stereocenters having known
stereochemistry using Fischer projections:
4 1,3-pentadiene
5 .propanal (a 3C aldehyde)
6.3-chloro-2-pentanol (any stereochemistry)
7. 2,3-pentanediol (any stereochemistry)
8. 1-ethyl-2-methylcyclopropane (any geometry)
C. Starting from allyl alcohol (CH₂=CHCH₂OH):
12. propyne
13. 3-iodo-1-propene
14. propane
15. 1,3-propanediol
16. 1-bromo-2-propanol
CH3
D. Starting from 3-methyl-1-pentanol:
21.
CH₂
2. isobutane 3. 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane
CH
CH3
CH₂
CH₂
CH
17. ethanal (the 2C aldehyde)
18. 1,4-pentadiene
19. pentane
20. 1,5-hexadiene
22
CH3
For synthesis homework II
CH
26
CH3
F. Starting from 1-bromo-3-methylbutane:
29. 3-methyl-2-butanol
30. cis-6-methyl-2-heptene
31. 2-methylheptane
32. isopropylcyclopropane
33. trans-6-methyl-2-heptene
CH
9. S-2-bromopentane (only product by your route)
10. S-2-chloropentane (only product by your route)
11. S-2-iodopentane (only product by your route)
OH
CH3
23
CH3
CH₂
CH
>..OH
CH₂
OH
CH
OH
OH
E. Starting from cyclopentanol:
28
-CH₂CH3
27
25
I od f
HC.
CH₂
CH₂
CH3
24
CH3
CH₂
-CH
CH₂
CH₂
CH](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fc85f2be4-2a14-4215-a583-4a54a964e397%2Fef4a18b3-f06a-4561-a7f4-161debb4613c%2Fokxv2h8_processed.gif&w=3840&q=75)
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