a) What is the difference between major loss and minor losses in a pipe network? Give at least three examples of minor losses? b) The following information has been collected in the lab during "Head Loss in Bends and Fittings" experiment: - - - Manometer readings for sections before and after a bend: h₁=326 mm and h₂=253 mm Q=0.28 lit/s Pipe diameter 1.83 cm Calculate the head loss coefficient (K) for this bend.
a).
| Major Losses | Minor losses |
| Major losses occur due to the friction effect between the moving fluid and the walls of the pipe | Minor losses occur due to any disturbance that might occur to the flow, which is mainly caused by the installed fittings on the pipeline |
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Major Head losses in pipe flow problem will be calculated with the help of Darcy-Weisbach formula as mentioned below, it does not matter that pipe is horizontal, vertical or on inclined plane. |
Minor Head loss in pipe flow is calculated by mentioned below formula Head loss coefficient for various component are different. |
Three example of minor losses are
Entrance and exit losses
Entrance losses occur when fluid enters or exits a much larger pipe, tanks of all kinds. Exit losses are opposite, fluid exiting pipes and Enter a much larger pipe or tank. The loss when entering the pipe is shape of the entrance. The k value of the input loss for these forms and Fluid flows into the tube from a larger area. The entry loss ranges from 0.04 to 0.8.
Expansion and contracted losses
Expansion is defined as when flow in a pipe moves from smaller area to smaller area. The larger the area, the slower the speed. In shrinkage it's just the opposite. The flow moves from large pipes to small pipes, increasing its speed. suddenly Expansion and contraction are when the angles between two sizes of pipe are equal. 90 degree. Energy loss is due to turbulence or eddies formed at point where pipes size changes. The head loss from sudden expansions and contractions depends on a difference in the pipe velocities. The k-value then relates these velocities to each other in relation to the pipe diameters.
Losses due to Bends and Connections
Not all bend losses are the same. It doesn't matter if it's just a 45 degree bend or a 1 degree bend.180 degree rotation, either sharp or loose, threaded or unthreaded. All of these Factors play an important role in loss amount. The lower the k value, The more you bend, the smoother, and vice versa for high-k bends.
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