(a) Using the lecture entitled “On the Origin of life” by Jack Szostak. In one paragraph, summarize the conditions that Szostak thinks led to the emergence of life on earth. (250 words maximum).(b) In one paragraph summarize the structure and function of biological membranes. Using the second article by Jack Szostak, "Protocells and RNA Self-Replication". Why is compartmentalization a prerequisite for evolution of life? Describe the ways in which protocells differ from cell membranes in evolved biological systems. (250 words maximum).Attached are images of the articles in question.Specific article links are:A) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27576276/b) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6120706/ 个→ C▶https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27576276/NIH National Library of MedicineNational Center for Biotechnology InformationPubMed®Advanced> Medicina (B Aires). 2016;76(4):199-203.On the origin of lifeJack W Szostak 1Affiliations + expandPMID: 27576276Free articleSaveEmailAbstractThe origin of life is a very rich field, filled with possibilities and ripe for discovery. RNA replicationrequires chemical energy and vesicle division is easy to do with mechanical energy. Theserequirements point to a surface lake, perhaps at some time following the period of concentratedcyanide chemistry that gave rise to nucleotides, amino acids and (maybe) fatty acids. A secondrequirement follows specifically from the nature of the RNA replication cycle, which requiresgenerally cool to moderate temperatures for the copying chemistry, punctuated by brief periods ofhigh temperature for strand separation. Remarkably, lakes in a geothermal active area provide justsuch a fluctuating temperature environment, because lakes similar to Yellowstone can be generallycool (even ice covered in winter), but they contain numerous hydrothermal vents that emit streamsof hot water. Protocells in such an environment would occasionally be swept into these hot waterstreams, where the transient high temperature exposure would cause RNA strand separation.However, the protocells would be quickly mixed with surrounding cold water, and would thereforecool quickly, before their delicate RNA moleculesFULL TEXT LINKSFree Full TextmedicinaACTIONSSend to Display options"CiteSHARESearchCollectionsfLog inPAGE NAVIGATIONAbstractUser GuCites< Title & authorsSimilar articles → C ➜ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6120706/An official website of the United States government Here's how you knowNIH National Library of MedicineNational Center for Biotechnology InformationPMC PubMed Central®Journal List > Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol > v.10(9); 2018 Sep > PMC6120706Cold Spring Harb Perspect BiolSearch PMC Full-Text ArchiveAs a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Inclusion in an NLM database does not implyendorsement of, or agreement with, the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health.Learn more: PMC Disclaimer | PMC Copyright NoticeCold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2018 Sep; 10(9): a034801.doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034801PERSPECTIVESCSH Cold Spring HarborPerspectives in BiologyProtocells and RNA Self-ReplicationGerald F. Joyce¹ and Jack W. Szostak²SUMMARY▸ Author information Copyright and License information▶PMC DisclaimerAboutArchiveSubscribeAlertsSearch in PMCPMCID: PMC6120706PMID: 30181195Go to: ►The general notion of an "RNA world" is that, in the early development of life on the Earth, geneticcontinuity was assured by the replication of RNA, and RNA molecules were the chief agents of catalyticfunction. Assuming that all of the components of RNA were available in some prebiotic locale, thesecomponents could have assembled into activated nucleotides that condensed to form RNA polymers,setting the stage for the chemical replication of polynucleotides through RNA-templated RNAOTHER FORMATSAdvanced Search | User GuidePubReader | PDF (2.3M)ACTIONSCiteCollectionsSHAREfXRESOURCESSimilar articlesCited by other articlesLog inLinks to NCBI Databases12

In his lecture titled "On the Origin of Life," Jack Szostak delves into the concept of an "RNA…

Answered: (a) Using the lecture entitled “On the…

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Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

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