First, look at the italicized words in the video sheet attached which are adhesion molecules, p-selection, Sphingolipids, phospholipids, chemokine, hydrocarbon, histamine, proteoglycan, mRNA, etc. Atoms build molecules and molecules make up organelles and other structures in organisms. What category/level or organization do the italicized words above belong to cellular, organ, or chemical level? Summarize what could be learned by reading the video sheet attached and your overall impression of what was going on inside that white blood cell. White blood cells or leukocytes phagocytose or gobble up foreign particles, produceantibodies, secrete inflammatory response triggers (histamine and heparin), and neutralizehistamine. In general, leukocytes defend an organism and protect it from disease bypromoting or inhibiting inflammatory responses. Leukocytes do most of their specific3:41-4:03 Wait, what? What is that thing dragging a "the big blue package" along that "littleconveyor belt"? Kinesin is the "dragger". Kinesin is a motor protein. Its job is to moveproteins to where they are needed in a cell. The "package" is a vesicle, most likely filledwith proteins that were packaged by the Golgi apparatus.Microtubules provide tracks along which membrane-bound vesicles travel to and from theplasma membrane. The directional movement of these cargo vesicles is due to a family ofmotor proteins linking vesicles and microtubules.4:05-4:15 Membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria are loosely trapped by thecytoskeleton. Mitochondria change shape continuously and their orientation is partlydictated by their interaction with microtubules.4:16-4:26 The centrosome is responsible for anchoring parts of the cytoskeleton forstability. You can see the two centrioles (the hollow cylinders) that are part of thecentrosome. Each centrosome has two centrioles. Centrosomes are located near thenucleus, which we can see in the background.4:27 -5:03 Now you are at the nucleus. Pores in the nuclear envelope (the membrane of thenucleus) allow the import of particles containing messenger RNA (mRNA) and proteinsinto the cytosol. Here, free ribosomes translate the mRNA molecules into proteins. Some ofthese proteins will reside in the cytosol while others will associate with specializedproteins and be imported into mitochondria or other organelles.mRNAribosomeWhat's going on here? Messenger RNA (the string like3:40 Microtubule Assembly and disassembly- Microtubules, another component of thecytoskeleton, is made up of the protein, tubulin.5:05-5:32 Now we are at the surface of a mitochondrion. On its surface are translocatorswhich are pores for proteins to enter the mitochondria. The proteins are most likelyenzymes needed in the process of cellular respiration.5:33: Here you are at the ER, with another motor protein trudging along in the foregroundwith its package (vesicle). A nascent protein (a protein that has not yet taken its final 3Dshape) enters a pore in the ER, and you see another motor protein trudging along with apackage in the foreground.Further translation injects a nascent protein chain through a pore into the endoplasmicreticulum as bigfoot' continues to clomp along the microtubule, dragging a vesicle behind.Wait! What's this? Yes! We are at the Golgi apparatus. You see the Golgi "budding" offvesicles of proteins that finished their final folding in the Golgi. The motor proteins willtransport these vesicles to the plasma membrane.6:22: We are back at the plasma membrane. We see some proteins leaving the cell byexocytosis.6:40 Here we see the chemical messengers (brown molecules) again (chemokines), bindingto receptors (purple) on the cell membrane.6:45-7.04: The membrane embedded G-Protein, and other proteins are activated due tothe inflammation in the area. This activation by all of these proteins causes the activationand clustering of integrins inside lipid rafts.7.05: Neighboring endothelial cells with their I-CAM proteins "notice" all of this activationand signaling and subsequent events cause the leukocytes to stop rolling on the endothelialcells of the blood vessel. (7:27)7:28-end: These strong interactions and additional signaling events, cause a profoundreorganization of the cytoskeleton of the leukocyte, and gives it an "edge" This leading edgeof the leukocyte inserts itself between the endothelial cells of the blood vessel, and we seethe leukocyte leaving the blood vessel to go to the site of inflammation to go do its job!The processes you just watched are the steps involved in leukocyte extravasation-theprocess of a leukocyte squeezing through the endothelial cells of their blood vessel "home"out into the site of inflammation. The video starts: You see red blood cells carried away very fast by a strong blood flow.Leukocytes (white blood cells) roll slowly on endothelial cells. (0:1 to 0:12)The surfaces of two cells are shown adhering at contact points between adhesion molecules(The adhesion molecules are a sugar called P-selectin). (0:13 to 0:25)Leukocytes pushed by the blood flow adhere and roll on endothelial cells (of the bloodvessel) because existing interactions are broken while new ones are formed. Theseinteractions are possible because of the way the proteins are structured that are on thesurfaces of the cells.(0:50-1:20) We see the cell membrane (aka plasma membrane) composed of its lipidbilayer. The "bobbing balls" are the hydrophilic heads of the lipids in the bilayer.The lipid bilayer is composed of phospholipids and sphingolipids. The "lipid raft" shownhere is part of the cell membrane. Its job is to recruit specific membrane proteins (to assistin getting leukocytes to the site of inflammation). Note that the lipid raft is rigid instructure. This is due to tight packing of cholesterol molecules against the straighthydrocarbon chains of sphingolipids.(1:21-1:27) You see a "chemokine"(a chemical messenger) in this case a protein-sugarmolecular called proteoglycan. Depending on their composition the proteoglycans havedifferent functions. The main function is for the cells to communicate with the outsideenvironment of cells.1:27-1:35 Chemicals are binding to leukocytes which causes a series of cell signalingevents to occur. The binding of these chemicals to the cell membranes stimulatesleukocytes and triggers an intracellular cascade of signaling reactions.1:43-1:47 In addition to lipids, the cell membrane has many kinds of proteins in itsstructure. There are some proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer. These are calledmembrane-bound proteins. The membrane-bound protein complexes are critical for thetransmission of signals across the plasma membrane.1:58 - 2:40 You get a good view of the cytoskeleton, which is comprised of networks offilamentous proteins (one of which is spectrin) that are responsible for the specialorganization of components of the cytoplasm of cells.2:20-3:17 Actin filaments, another protein component of the cytoskeleton- beingassembled and disassembled (by a severing protein)3:40 Microtubule Assembly and disassembly- Microtubules, another component of the

These terms represent specific molecules, compounds, or chemical components involved in cellular…

Answered: First, look at the italicized words in…

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...