a) The trafficked along the of the csRH protein must be cleaved off before it can be to the cell membrane. b) Which protein domains would you NOT expect to find as part of the intracellular hormone H receptor protein içRu?

Phlebotomy Essentials
6th Edition
ISBN:9781451194524
Author:Ruth McCall, Cathee M. Tankersley MT(ASCP)
Publisher:Ruth McCall, Cathee M. Tankersley MT(ASCP)
Chapter1: Phlebotomy: Past And Present And The Healthcare Setting
Section: Chapter Questions
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In many mammalian species, including humans, there is a hormone (H) that acts as a key regulator of
hexose (6 carbon sugar, eg - glucose) metabolism, cell cycle progression, and ultimately cell survival.
Hormone H regulates these effects via its receptors which are found at both the cell surface (csRu)
and within the cell (icRu). The signalling pathways that become activated in the presence of hormone
H are depicted and described below.
hormone
Signalling via the cell surface
receptor
· Hormone H mediates its cell cycle
stimulatory and pro-survival effects by
binding to and activating the cell
surface hormone H receptor ( .
· The activated csRH activates Lyn,
which activates RAS and ultimately
the Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade.
· Active ERK:
o phosphorylates and inactivates
GSK-3B. Inhibition of GSK-3B
promotes cell survival.
o inhibits p27, preventing it from
inhibiting cell cycle progression.
o activates Egs, a transcription factor
which promotes cell cycle
progression by triggering Cyclin A
extracellular fluid
inactive
(GTP
inactive
RAS
Lyn
cel-surtace
receptor for H (csR.)
RAS-GTP
hехose
metabolism
cell survival
Gphase
(esting)
Raf
G,
HK
GSK-38
MEK
hexose kinase
ERK
promoter HRE
COKI
Cyclin A
cyclin A
Fos
A promoter
Created in BioRender.com bìo
expression.
Signalling via the intracellular receptor
Hormone H also binds to and activates the intracellular hormone H receptor (icRu).
The activated icRu translocates to the nucleus where it acts as a transcription factor binding
to a specific sequence called a hormone H response element (HRE) found within promoters
on the DNA.
icRu - HRE binding upregulates the transcription of the hexose kinase gene, which is
required for hexose metabolism and ultimately cell survival.
Below is a list of mutations commonly found in different components of the hormone-signaling
pathways.
Mutant #1: The icRuundergoes a loss-of-function mutation.
Mutant #2: GSK-3B can no longer be phosphorylated.
Mutant #3: ERK is constitutively active.
Mutant #4: Lyn undergoes a gain-of function mutation.
Mutant #5: The cyclin A gene's DNA is highly compacted and inaccessible
Mutations in the signalling pathways depicted above have been associated with an increased
incidence of several types of cancer.
Transcribed Image Text:Info: In many mammalian species, including humans, there is a hormone (H) that acts as a key regulator of hexose (6 carbon sugar, eg - glucose) metabolism, cell cycle progression, and ultimately cell survival. Hormone H regulates these effects via its receptors which are found at both the cell surface (csRu) and within the cell (icRu). The signalling pathways that become activated in the presence of hormone H are depicted and described below. hormone Signalling via the cell surface receptor · Hormone H mediates its cell cycle stimulatory and pro-survival effects by binding to and activating the cell surface hormone H receptor ( . · The activated csRH activates Lyn, which activates RAS and ultimately the Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade. · Active ERK: o phosphorylates and inactivates GSK-3B. Inhibition of GSK-3B promotes cell survival. o inhibits p27, preventing it from inhibiting cell cycle progression. o activates Egs, a transcription factor which promotes cell cycle progression by triggering Cyclin A extracellular fluid inactive (GTP inactive RAS Lyn cel-surtace receptor for H (csR.) RAS-GTP hехose metabolism cell survival Gphase (esting) Raf G, HK GSK-38 MEK hexose kinase ERK promoter HRE COKI Cyclin A cyclin A Fos A promoter Created in BioRender.com bìo expression. Signalling via the intracellular receptor Hormone H also binds to and activates the intracellular hormone H receptor (icRu). The activated icRu translocates to the nucleus where it acts as a transcription factor binding to a specific sequence called a hormone H response element (HRE) found within promoters on the DNA. icRu - HRE binding upregulates the transcription of the hexose kinase gene, which is required for hexose metabolism and ultimately cell survival. Below is a list of mutations commonly found in different components of the hormone-signaling pathways. Mutant #1: The icRuundergoes a loss-of-function mutation. Mutant #2: GSK-3B can no longer be phosphorylated. Mutant #3: ERK is constitutively active. Mutant #4: Lyn undergoes a gain-of function mutation. Mutant #5: The cyclin A gene's DNA is highly compacted and inaccessible Mutations in the signalling pathways depicted above have been associated with an increased incidence of several types of cancer.
Practice question 1E)
а) The
trafficked along the
of the csRH protein must be cleaved off before it can be
to the cell membrane.
b) Which protein domains would you NOT expect to find as part of the intracellular hormone H
receptor protein içRu?
The csRu MRNA and protein are represented in the diagram below.
MRNA 5'
AUG
3'
ribosome
protein
DNA
ligand
binding
signal
kinase
transmembrane
domain
domain
binding
sequence
domain
domain
cytoplasm
plasma membrane
extracellular fluid
Transcribed Image Text:Practice question 1E) а) The trafficked along the of the csRH protein must be cleaved off before it can be to the cell membrane. b) Which protein domains would you NOT expect to find as part of the intracellular hormone H receptor protein içRu? The csRu MRNA and protein are represented in the diagram below. MRNA 5' AUG 3' ribosome protein DNA ligand binding signal kinase transmembrane domain domain binding sequence domain domain cytoplasm plasma membrane extracellular fluid
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