A temperature scale that never quite caught on was formulated by the Austrian chemist Johann Sebastian Farblunget. The reference points on this scale were 0°FB, the temperature below which Farblunget's post nasal drip began to bother him, and 1,000°FB, the boiling point of beer. Conversions between °C and °FB can be accomplished with the expression T(°C) = 0.0940T('FB) + 4 Louis Louis, Farblunget's French nephew attempted to follow in his uncle's footsteps by formulating his own temperature scale. He defined the degree Louie using as reference conditions the optimum serving temperature of marinated snails (100°L corresponding to 15°C) and the temperature at which the elastic in his briefs began to relax (1,000°L corresponding to 43°C). a) At what temperature in °R does beer boil? b) What is the temperature interval of 25 Farblunget degree equivalent to in °C, K, °F, and °R? c) Derive equations for T(°C) in terms of T(°L); and T(°L) in terms of T(°FB)
Basics in Organic Reactions Mechanisms
In organic chemistry, the mechanism of an organic reaction is defined as a complete step-by-step explanation of how a reaction of organic compounds happens. A completely detailed mechanism would relate the first structure of the reactants with the last structure of the products and would represent changes in structure and energy all through the reaction step.
Heterolytic Bond Breaking
Heterolytic bond breaking is also known as heterolysis or heterolytic fission or ionic fission. It is defined as breaking of a covalent bond between two different atoms in which one atom gains both of the shared pair of electrons. The atom that gains both electrons is more electronegative than the other atom in covalent bond. The energy needed for heterolytic fission is called as heterolytic bond dissociation energy.
Polar Aprotic Solvent
Solvents that are chemically polar in nature and are not capable of hydrogen bonding (implying that a hydrogen atom directly linked with an electronegative atom is not found) are referred to as polar aprotic solvents. Some commonly used polar aprotic solvents are acetone, DMF, acetonitrile, DMSO, etc.
Oxygen Nucleophiles
Oxygen being an electron rich species with a lone pair electron, can act as a good nucleophile. Typically, oxygen nucleophiles can be found in these compounds- water, hydroxides and alcohols.
Carbon Nucleophiles
We are aware that carbon belongs to group IV and hence does not possess any lone pair of electrons. Implying that neutral carbon is not a nucleophile then how is carbon going to be nucleophilic? The answer to this is that when a carbon atom is attached to a metal (can be seen in the case of organometallic compounds), the metal atom develops a partial positive charge and carbon develops a partial negative charge, hence making carbon nucleophilic.
Q7.1 Show the step-by-step process. Do not use shortcut methods. Make it as detailed as it can be.
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