A study was conducted about the histopathological changes in the zebra fish ovaries after a chronic exposure to an antiviral drug used in COVID 19. The vacuolation of the interstitial tissues and the vitellogenic oocyte atresia of the fish exposed to the drug were assessed using histological scores. What type of variable is the histologic scores in this study?
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- Patients suffering from rheumatic diseases or osteoporosis often suffer critical losses in bone mineral density (BMD). Alendronate is one medication prescribed to build or prevent further loss of BMD. Holcomb and Rothenberg (A-3) looked at 96 women taking alendronate to determine if a difference existed in the mean percent change in BMD among five different primary diagnosis classifications. Group 1 patients were diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Group 2 patients were a mixed collection of patients with diseases including lupus, Wegener’s granulomatosis and polyarteritis, and other vasculitic diseases (LUPUS). Group 3 patients had polymyalgia rheumatica or temporal arthritis (PMRTA). Group 4 patients had osteoarthritis (OA) and group 5 patients had osteoporosis (O) with no other rheumatic diseases identified in the medical record. Changes in BMD are shown in the following table. (TABLE IS IN THE IMAGES) a. Formulate research question b. State the null hypothesis in narrative…The leader of two postpartum women’s support groups is interested in the depression levels of the women in her groups. She administers the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) screening test to the members of her groups. The CES-D is a 20-question self-test that measures depressive feelings and behaviors during the previous week. The mean depression level from the screening test for the 10 women in the first group is μ₁ = 16; the mean depression level for the 14 women in the second group is μ₂ = 10. Without calculating the weighted mean for the combined group, you know that the weighted mean is:Left ventricular mass (LVM) is an important risk factor for subsequent cardiovascular disease. A study is proposed to assess the relationship between childhood blood-pressure levels and LVM in children as determined from echocardiograms. The goal is to stratify children into a normal bp group (< 90th percentile for their age, gender, and height) and an elevated bp group (≥ 90th percentile for their age, gender, and height) and compare change in LVM between the two groups. Before this can be done, one needs to demonstrate that LVM actually changes in children over a 4-year period. To help plan the main study, a pilot study is conducted where echocardiograms are obtained from 10 random children from the Bogalusa Heart Study at baseline and after 4 years of follow-up. The data are given in Table 1 . Table 1 Pilot data on left ventricular mass (LVM) in children from the Bogalusa Heart Study ID Baseline LVM (g) 4- year LVM (g) Change (g)* 1 139 163 24 2 134 126 -8 3 86 142 56…
- A researcher gathered a sample of participants who volunteered for a studying of phobias. She measured anxiety level of participants as they viewed photos of spiders and again when they viewed puppies. Which statistical test is appropriate for this study and why?Researchers investigate how the presence of cell phones influence the quality of human interaction. Subjects are randomly selected from a population and divided into an experimental group that is asked to leave their phones in the front of the room and a control group that are not asked to leave their cell phones at the front of the room. Subjects are left alone for 10 minutes and then asked to take a survey designed to measure quality of interactions they had with others in the experiment. What statistical test is appropriate?What is your z-test statistic?
- A small pilot study is run to compare a new drug for chronic pain to one that is currently available. Participants are randomly assigned to receive either the new drug or the currently available drug and report improvement in pain on a 5-point ordinal scale: 1=Pain is much worse, 2=Pain is slightly worse, 3= No change, 4=Pain improved slightly, 5=Pain much improved. Is there a significant difference in self-reported improvement in pain? Use the Mann-Whitney U test with a 5% level of significance. Please show work. New Drug: 4 5 3 3 4 2 Standard Drug: 2 3 4 1 2 3In intaglio printing, a design or figure is carved beneath the surface of hard metal or stone. Suppose that an experiment is designed to compare differences in mean surface hardness of steel plates used in intaglio printing (measured in indentation numbers), based on two different surface conditions-untreated and treated by lightly polishing with emery paper. In the experiment, 40 steel plates are randomly assigned-20 that are untreated, and 20 that are treated. The results of the experiment are in the “Intaglio” data in Chapter 10_HW_Data.xls. Assuming that the population variances from both conditions are equal, is there evidence of a difference in the mean surface hardness between untreated and treated steel plates? (use α = 0.05) Determine the p-value in (a) and interpret its meaning. In addition to equal variances, what other assumption is necessary in (a)? Repeat Problem (a), assuming that the population variances from untreated and treated steel plates are not…A 1-1 matched case-control study was conducted among office workers on the association between suffering chronic lower back pain and sitting at a PC. There were 118 cases (suffering from back pain), individually matched to controls (not suffering from back pain) on sex, age, and general exercise habits. The exposure was the amount of time spent at a PC. The data are in Table 1: Case > 4 hours/day 4 hours/day 18 13 <4 hours/day 25 62 Use a suitable test to test for no association between suffering chronic lower back pain and time spent sitting at a PC.
- Productivity is the key driver of wages and one of the most importantdeterminants of living standards. The British Chambers of Commercecommissioned research into understanding whether labour productivity in theautomotive manufacturing sector in England and Ireland were the same ordifferent. The researchers collected data on a random sample of 8 firms inEngland and 4 in Ireland and recorded productivity in units of value added (£)per hour. It is assumed that firm-level productivity has a normal distribution.The following data were collected:Ireland 47 56 43 68England 39 50 39 45 50 43 35 43(i) Set up appropriate null and alternative hypotheses and conduct a test ofthe hypotheses of equal mean productivity in Ireland and England at 5 percent significance level under the assumption of unknown but equalpopulation variances. Provide as much detail as possible on yourprocedures. Clearly show all your steps in testing and state your decision.Discuss the economic implications of your findings.…The data in the attached image represents blood pressure based on a new trial medication used in an experiment involving a total of 50 male and female subjects. There were two levels of treatment: 0 = placebo and 1 = treatment group. Family History Blood Pressure = Fam-Hist-BP; from the paternal side = PS; from the maternal side = MS; from both sides = BS; none on both sides or not known = N.; Blood pressure before the experiment = BP-Before-Exp; Blood pressure after the experiment = BP-After-Exp. Task: Construct a histogram to represent the family BP history, the subjects' BP before treatment and the subjects' BP after treatment.A study in a journal published by the American Academy of Pediatrics (as reported in the Miami Herald, Jan. 14, 1997) seems to suggest that preschoolers who drink more than 12 ounces of fruit juice a day tend to be heavier and shorter than preschoolers who do not. The study involved a random sample of 168 healthy youngsters of whom 59 drank on average more than 12 ounces of fruit juice per day. Each child was weighed and measured. The measurements were then converted to percentage of normal height and weight for a child of that age and gender. For example, a weight percentage of 1.1 indicates that the child is 10% heavier than average. A recorded 0.80 indicates the child is 20% below the average. An average weight is recorded as 1.0. Same with height. Column 1: Juice 1- indicates child DID drink > 12 oz 2- child DID NOT drink > 12 oz Column 2: Weight% weight converted to percent of…