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- A study is planned to investigate risk factors for sudden cardiac death. A cohort of men and women between the ages of 35 and 70 is enrolled and followed for up to 20 years. As part of the study, participants provide data on demographic and behavioral characteristics; they also undergo testing for cardiac
function and provide blood samples to assess lipid profiles and other biomarkers. A new measure of inflammation is hypothesized to be related to sudden cardiac death. Describe its strengths and weaknesses.
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- In PIMS hospital Islamabad there were patients who are in the early and middle stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Analyst have sought to examine the effect of various type of music on agitation levels in those patients. Patients were selected to participate in the study based on their stage of Alzheimer’s disease. Three forms of music were tested. Easy listening, Mozart and Piano interludes. While listening to music, agitation levels were recorded for the patients based on the heart rate in beats per minute. Test at 5% level of significance whether type’s music or early/middle stages of Alzheimer’s disease have significant effect on the agitation levels. Scores are recorded below: (6) Groups Piano interludes Mozart Easy listening Early stages of Alzheimer’s disease 103.5 104.7 100.2 105.9 Mean: 103.6 69.9 78.5 88.2 73.4 Mean: 77.5 95.6 99.3 101.4 120.1 Mean: 104.1 Middle stages of…Is Your Nose Getting Bigger?Next time you see an elderly man, check out his nose and ears! While most parts of the human body stop growing as we reach adulthood, studies show that noses and ears continue to grow larger throughout our lifetime. In one study1 examining noses, researchers report "Age significantly influenced all analyzed measurements:" including volume, surface area, height, and width of noses. In a test to see whether males, on average, have bigger noses than females, the study indicates that "p<0.01."Let group 1 be males and group 2 be females.1Sforza C, Grandi G, De Menezes M, Tartaglia GM, Ferrario VF, "Age- and sex-related changes in the normal human external nose", Forensic Science International, 2011 Jan 30;204(1-3):205.e1-9. (a) State the hypotheses. Your answer should be an expression composed of symbols: =,≠,<,>,μ,μ1,μ2,p,p1,p2,ρ,p^,p^1,p^2,r. H0: vs Ha:EditA deficiency of the trace element selenium in the diet can negatively impact growth, immunity, muscle and neuromuscular function, and fertility. The introduction of selenium supplements to dairy cows is justified when pastures have low selenium levels. Authors of a research paper supplied the following data on milk selenium concentration (mg/L) for a sample of cows given a selenium supplement (the treatment group) and a control sample given no supplement, both initially and after a 9-day period. Initial Measurement Treatment Control 11.4 9.1 9.6 8.7 10.1 9.7 8.5 10.8 10.2 10.9 10.6 10.6 11.9 10.1 9.9 12.3 10.7 8.8 10.2 10.4 10.3 10.9 11.4 10.4 9.3 11.6 10.6 10.9 10.9 8.3 After 9 Days Treatment Control 138.3 9.2 104 8.9 96.4 8.9 89 10.1 88 9.6 103.8 8.6 147.3 10.4 97.1 12.4 172.6 9.2 146.3 9.5 99 8.4 122.3 8.8 103 12.5 117.8 9.1 121.5 93 (a) Use the given data for the treatment group to determine if…
- (a) and (b)Early life corresponds to the first bacterial colonization of the digestive tract, creating a microbiome thought to play an important role in human development. What might be the effect of early exposure to antibiotics on children's development? One study followed 11,532 full-term babies all born in the county of Avon, United Kingdom, during 1991 and 1992. Exposures to antibiotics during infancy were recorded, along with measures of body mass at regular intervals over several years. The researchers found that antibiotic exposure during the first six months of life was associated with increased body mass later in childhood.Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet favorably affect several risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The principal dietary polyunsaturated fat is linoleic acid. Suppose we randomly selected twelve adults for our study. We took their blood pressure measurements (systolic blood pressure) at the start and recorded them for each adult. Then we placed required these adults to consume 23g/day of safflower oil which is high in linoleic acid for four weeks. At the end of the four weeks, we took another systolic blood pressure(SBP) measurement. The paired data is provided below: Subject 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Baseline SBP 119.67 100.00 123.56 109.89 96.22 133.33 115.78 126.39 122.78 117.44 111.33 92.39 1-month SBP 117.33 98.78 123.83 107.67 95.67 128.89 113.22 121.56 126.33 110.39 107.00 93.06 Use the appropriate nonparametric test at alpha level of 0.05, to test whether the diet heavy in linoleic acid increases systolic blood pressure (SBP). Use Steps 0-5
- Can eating a yogurt a day cause people to lose weight? In a study investigating this: (1) What is the explanatory variable? (2) What is the response variable?Denny studied factors affecting cardiovascular reactivity to a postural change in a sample of healthy men and women. Change in systolic blood pressure (SBP) from supine to standing position was used as the measure of cardiac reactivity in a sample of 842 adults. Supine measurement of blood pressure was taken after participants had lain on an examination table for 15 minutes. Blood pressure was determined every 30 seconds using a Dinamap device for 2 minutes, and the measurements were averaged. Participants then stood up immediately, and additional measurements were made for another 2 minutes. Below is a table describing the characteristics of Denny’s sample: Which measures of dispersion, if any, are presented in this table (Ranges, SDs)? If age is normally distributed, approximately what percent of the sample would be younger than 50? If BMI is normally distributed, approximately what percent of the sample would have a BMI higher than 33.1?Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body and has several important functions. Most of the body calcium is stored in the bones and teeth, where it functions to support their structure. Recommendations for calcium are provided in Dietary Reference Intakes, developed by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. The recommended adequate intake (RAI) for calcium for adults (ages 19-50) is 1000 mg per day. A random sample of 18 adults with incomes below the poverty level gave the following calcium intakes:886 633 943 847 934 8411193 820 774 834 1050 10581192 975 1313 872 1079 809Assume the population standard deviation for daily calcium intake for adults with incomes below the poverty level is 188mg.At the 0.05 level of significance, does the data provided above provide evidence to suggest that the mean calcium intake of all adults with incomes below the poverty level is less than the RAI pf 1000mg per day? Step 1: Define the parameter & setup the…
- The authors of the paper "Statistical Methods for Assessing Agreement Between Two Methods of Clinical Measurement"† compared two different instruments for measuring a person's ability to breathe out air. (This measurement is helpful in diagnosing various lung disorders.) The two instruments considered were a Wright peak flow meter and a mini-Wright peak flow meter. Seventeen people participated in the study, and for each person air flow was measured once using the Wright meter and once using the mini-Wright meter. Subject Mini-WrightMeter WrightMeter Subject Mini-WrightMeter WrightMeter 1 512 494 10 445 433 2 430 395 11 432 417 3 520 516 12 626 656 4 428 434 13 260 267 5 500 476 14 477 478 6 600 557 15 259 178 7 364 413 16 350 423 8 380 442 17 451 427 9 658 650 (a) Suppose that the Wright meter is considered to provide a better measure of air flow, but the mini-Wright meter is easier to transport and to use. If the two types of meters produce…A team of epidemiologists at the Mayo Clinic wanted to find whether there is an association between obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD). They conducted a prospective cohort study following obese and non-obese individuals who were free of CVD at the beginning of study for five years. The investigators were also interested in assessing age as a potential confounder, effect modifier, or both. Use the data below to answer the accompanying questions. CVD No CVD Total Obese 10 90 100 Not Obese 35 465 500 Total 45 555 600 CVD No CVD Total Obese 36 164 200 Not Obese 25 175 200 Total 61 339 400 1. Compute the appropriate measure of association for those who were less than age 50. 2. Compute the appropriate measure of association for those who were older or equal to age 50. 3. Compute the crude measure of association? 4. List three attributes that age must satisfy before it could…
