A single-cycle processor takes 100ns per instruction. It is perfectly pipelined into 10 stages with pipeline registers that take 2ns. What change in instruction latenc expect compared to the single-cycle processor? O Same latency as single-cycle processor 1 O 10% speedup O 20% speedup O 20% slowdown Question 13 A single-cycle processor takes 100ns per instruction. It is perfectly pipelined into 10 stages with pipeline registers that take 2ns and can be kept 60% full. What chang instruction throughput can you expect compared to the single-cycle processor? O 10x speedup O 60% slowdow O 60% speedup O 5x speedup Question 14 4 Does the pipelined processor execute instructions in an atomic and in-order manner?

A single-cycle processor takes 100ns per instruction. It is perfectly pipelined into 10 stages with pipeline registers that take 2ns. What change in instruction latenc expect compared to the single-cycle processor? O Same latency as single-cycle processor 1 O 10% speedup O 20% speedup O 20% slowdown Question 13 A single-cycle processor takes 100ns per instruction. It is perfectly pipelined into 10 stages with pipeline registers that take 2ns and can be kept 60% full. What chang instruction throughput can you expect compared to the single-cycle processor? O 10x speedup O 60% slowdow O 60% speedup O 5x speedup Question 14 4 Does the pipelined processor execute instructions in an atomic and in-order manner?

Database System Concepts

7th Edition

ISBN:9780078022159

Author:Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan

Publisher:Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan

Chapter1: Introduction

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1PE

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A program sees a 4% miss rate on both the Instruction Cache and the Data Cache. Every instruction requires access to the Instruction cache. Only 35% of the instructions require data access from the Data Cache. The miss penalty for either the data or the instruction cache is 100 cycles. Assume the average Clocks per Instruction (CPI) is 2 without any memory stalls (this is a hypothetical machine where if there were no misses on that instruction, it would get executed in 2 clock cycles. We are not worrying about how it is implemented, just, that suppose it was possible). Assume the number of instructions in a program is X. F3: What is the total run time of the program including the missed cycles dues to data and instruction misses? F4: What is the ratio of the actual run time (from question F3 above) to the fictitious run time if there were no cache misses at all?
Suppose two CPU A and B have exactly the same circuits, but different clock frequencies. Answer the following questions: a) If the clock frequency of CPU A is 8MHz, how long is one clock cycle of CPU A? b) If the CPU A can execute 0.4 million instructions per second on average, how long is the average time to execute one instruction? c) What is the average number of clock cycle to execute one instruction for CPU A? d) The frequency of CPU B is 12MHz. What is the average number of instructions that can be executed per second?
A microprocessor has an increment memory direct instruction, which adds 1 to the value in a memory location. The instruction has five stages: fetch opcode(four bus clock cycles),fetch operand address (three cycles), fetch operand (three cycles) add 1 to operand (three cycles), and store operand (three cycles). a. By what amount (in percent) will the duration of the instruction increase if we have to insert two bus wait states in each memory read and memory write operation? b. repeat assuming that the increment operation takes 13 cycles instead of 3 cycles
Consider the following scenario. Please share your understanding of a multi-core processor and how it works then explain which student is correct and why. Your post should be at least two paragraphs. Scenario: One friend claims that a dual-core system runs at twice the speed as a single-core system; another friend disagrees by saying that it runs twice as many programs at the same time; a third friend says it runs twice as much data at the same time.
Why is a single instruction in a pipeline datapath not shorter than that in a multi-cycle datapath even though totally a pipeline mechanism performs better. Please select the correct choice. a - Because of quicker time of execution of large number of instructions b - Because pipelined CPUs generally work at a higher clock frequency than the RAM clock frequency, c - Because it is possible to execute multiple instructions sequentially d - Because in a pipeline architecture, 1 instruction abandons the pipeline in each cycle, so the CPI will be of 1. e - Because increase in the number of pipeline stages increases the number of instructions executed simultaneously.
A benchmark program to evaluate the performance of a processor spends 80% of its time on floating-point commands and 20% on non-floating point commands. A design team wants to obtain an overall speedup of 40% over the existing run time of this benchmark program by speeding up ONLY the non-floating point commands. What should be the ratio of the non-floating point commands new runtime to that of its old runtime? Select the best answer. This is a trick question! In this scenario, it is impossible to speed up only the non-floating point commands to obtain an overall 40% speedup! 2 0.5 2.5
Given a pipelined processor with 3 stages and inter-stage registers after each stage, calculate the throughput and latency in appropriate units. You need not calculate the final value for throughput. Just the fractional number is sufficient. Make sure to indicate the correct units. (pico: 10-12; nano: 10-9; micro: 10-6; mega: 106; giga: 109; tera: 1012) 50 ps 20 ps 150 ps 20 ps 100 ps 20 ps Comb. logic A R Comb. logic Comb. logic в g Clock
clock cycle at which the first of the instructions is fetched as clock cycle 1. Assume that if one instruction reads a register during the same clock cycle as another instruction is writing it, the new value will be read. Do not reorder the instructions. Instructions are fetched and executed exactly in the order given below, with the pipeline stalling if necessary.addi $s2, $s2, 1li $s6, 5add $s1, $s2, $s3move $s5, $s6lw $t1, 0($s5)
A program sees a 4% miss rate on both the Instruction Cache and the Data Cache. Every instruction requires access to the Instruction cache. Only 35% of the instructions require data access from the Data Cache. The miss penalty for either the data or the instruction cache is 100 cycles. Assume the average Clocks per Instruction (CPI) is 2 without any memory stalls (this is a hypothetical machine where if there were no misses on that instruction, it would get executed in 2 clock cycles. We are not worrying about how it is implemented, just, that suppose it was possible). Assume the number of instructions in a program is X. F1: What is the number of 'instruction miss cycles'? (The number of clock cycles lost due to a miss on the Instruction Cache) F2: What is the number of 'data miss cycles'? F3: What is the total run time of the program including the missed cycles dues to data and instruction misses?
Suppose we had a processor design with 5 stages where each stage takes the following amount of time: IF: 400 ps ID: 200 ps EX: 300 ps MEM: 500 ps WB: 200 psQ1: If you choose a pipelined design, what is the CPI? Assume that we have enough instructions such that the brief ramp up period at the beginning and the ramp down period at the end with less than 100% utilization does not matter. Q2: If you choose a pipelined design, what is the average execution time per instruction in picoseconds?
Assume a 5-stage pipelined CPU (IF – ID – MU- EX – WR) requires following time for different sections: Required time 15 ns Pipeline stages Fetch Unit Decode Unit 10 ns 20 ns Memory Unit Execution Unit 8 ns 15 ns Write back Unit The maximum delay required to transfer contents from one state to another is 2ns. a) Show the time steps of pipelining stages for the first 10 instructions of a program. Assume that Instruction-4 is a conditional loop instruction. If the condition is TRUE, CPU runs instructions: 7 - 9 twice. Please note that a single-port RAM is used with the system, such that CPU read only one data from RAM or save only one data to RAM at a time. Calculate the execution time for the first 10 instructions of a program as well. b) Show the time steps and calculate the execution time for above problem while a multiport RAM is used with the system.
Explain the concept of dynamic instruction scheduling in a pipelined processor. How does it improve instruction throughput, and what are the key challenges in its implementation?