A researcher is testing the effectiveness of an intervention for patients with type 2 diabetes and depression that focuses on increasing medication adherence compared with usual primary care. Patients randomized to the intervention group were more likely to achieve remission of depressio compared with patients in the usual care group at 12 weeks (intervention 58.7% vs usual care 30.7%, p <.001). Based on this information and the information found in table 1, how would you interpret the study findings. Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Study Population Characteristic Sociodemographic Usual Care (n=88) Intervention (n=92) P value
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- Identifying individuals with a high risk of Alzheimer's disease usually involves a long series of cognitive tests. However, researchers have developed a 7-Minute Screen, which is a quick and easy way to accomplish the same goal. The question is whether the 7-Minute Screen is as effective as the complete series of tests. To address this question, Ijuin et al. (2008) administered both tests to a group of patients and compared the results. The following data represent results similar to those obtained in the study. 7-Minute Screen Cognitive Series 3 11 8 19 10 22 8 20 4 14 7 13 4 9 5 20 14 25 Which statistical test would you select: Answer H0: Answer H1: Answer What is the coefficient that indicates the strength of the relationship? Answer =Answer What is the standard error? Answer What is the appropriate 95% CI? [ Answer , Answer ] What is the d-effect size? Answer What is the t-observed? Answer What is the actual p-value? Answer THREE decimal places…Researchers examine the association between the fluoridation of water and the prevention of tooth decay by comparing the prevalence of tooth decay in countries that have fluoridated water with the prevalence in countries that do not. Is this a randomized experiment or an observational study? Assume that tooth decay was seen to be less common in countries with fluoridated water. Could this result be due to confounding?NCI Cancer Bulletin, December 2, 2008 Volume 5 / Number 24 Title of the article: After Menopause, Weight Affects Breast Cancer Rates More than Mammography Use Women who are overweight or obese after menopause face an increased risk of breast cancer, but a large prospective cohort study indicates that the frequency of mammography use and screening accuracy are not the primary explanations for higher rates of breast cancer in these women. The same is true of large, invasive breast cancer tumors and advanced stage disease; risk increases with weight, but higher rates are not explained by the frequency or accuracy of screening mammography before breast cancer was diagnosed. The study appears in the December 3 Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Dr. Karla Kerlikowske of the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and colleagues gathered data on 287,115 postmenopausal women who were registered in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium database. Reflecting a trend in the…
- Here is the scenario for your Between Subjects Independent One Way ANOVA: Dr. Xena is interested in determine which type of therapy best helps persons with bipolar depression. She gathers a random and representative sample of men and women ages 18-95 years of age who have a diagnosis of Bipolar Depression who are taking Lithium for at least 6 months. She randomly assigns participants to conditions and measures well being scores after 4 months of therapy. Well being scores range from 0-100, with 100 being high well-being (feel good and experiencing no mood swings). Here is the data: Cognitive Therapy EMDR Therapy Psychoanalytical Therapy 15 72 28 78 91…NCI Cancer Bulletin, December 2, 2008 Volume 5 / Number 24 Title of the article: After Menopause, Weight Affects Breast Cancer Rates More than Mammography Use Women who are overweight or obese after menopause face an increased risk of breast cancer, but a large prospective cohort study indicates that the frequency of mammography use and screening accuracy are not the primary explanations for higher rates of breast cancer in these women. The same is true of large, invasive breast cancer tumors and advanced stage disease; risk increases with weight, but higher rates are not explained by the frequency or accuracy of screening mammography before breast cancer was diagnosed. The study appears in the December 3 Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Dr. Karla Kerlikowske of the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and colleagues gathered data on 287,115 postmenopausal women who were registered in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium database. Reflecting a trend in the…Professor Chase from the University of Kansas has been working on a new cholesterol medication that is being called CholestoCleaner. The university is now conducting studies to determine if there is a possible side effect of sore joints. Placebo (Population Rate) To help determine the usual rate of sore joints, the research team gave a placebo (sugar pill) to 2017 subjects. Of those 2017 subjects, 4 of them developed sore joints. CholestoCleaner Trial The CholestoCleaner drug was given to 2622 subjects. Of those 2622 subjects, 19 of them developed sore joints. Preliminary Math If we consider the general population of people that don't use CholestoCleaner, what is the probability that they will develop sore joints? (Enter your answer as a fraction.) If you had a sample size of 2622 that did NOT use CholestoCleaner, how many would expect to develop sore joints? When 2622 subjects DID use the drug, there were 19 subjects that developed sore joints. Does it seem as though sore joints…
- A researcher is studying a new treatment protocol to combat a certain disease. The interest is in comparing the performance of the new treatment with the standard treatment method. In a survey on the subject, a first group of 250 patients received standard treatment, while a second group of 185 patients received the new treatment. Among subjects treated with the standard method, 88 were not recovered, while 39 were not recovered among those treated with the new protocol. Statistical analysis should be done to evaluate and compare treatment options. Perform an appropriate statistical hypothesis test to see whether the rate of people with disease persistence (ie, the non-recovery rate) was lower among those who received the new treatment. The hypothesis test must use a significance level of α=0.09 a. What is the value of the test statistic? b. What range of values is the p-value in? c. At the 9% significance level, can the null hypothesis be rejected?A study of the effects of exercise used rats bred to have high or low capacity for exercise. There were 23 high-capacity and 23 low-capacity rats. To compare the mean blood pressure of the two types of rats using the conservative Option 2 t- procedures. What are the associated degrees of freedom?new drug is being proposed for the treatment of migraine headaches. The FDA will not approve the new drug if it does not show a statistically significant improvement as compared to a placebo. In an experiment 40 people who suffer from migraine headaches receive the new drug and 18 of them report an improvement in their migraine pain (group 2). Another 40 people were place in the placebo group (group 1). Of these 13 reported an improvement in their migraine pain. Help the FDA, by forming a conclusion based on the following supporting statistical evidence. Sample Data Sample X N Sample Proportion Placebo (group 1) 13 40 0.325 New Drug (group 2) 18 40 0.450 Difference = p1 - p2 95% Confidence Interval for Difference p1-p2: (-0.337, 0.087) P-value = 0.247 The estimated difference between the placebo group and the new drug treatment group is -0.125. A. True B. False
- There are many ways to measure the reading ability of children. One frequently used test is the DRP or Degree of Reading Power. The national average score in DRP test is 32. We want to determine if there is sufficient evidence at the 5% level to suggest that the mean score of all third graders in YOUR district is higher than the national mean. The DRP scores for a simple random sample of 41 third graders in that suburban school in YOUR district yielded a mean of 35.2. Assume that the population of DRP scores of third graders in that suburban school district are normally distributed with a population std.dev of 11.Do test scores at pre-treatment differ from test scores at post-treatment? Note, this analysis should be conducted ignoring the treatment group they are in. Do male and female subjects differ on their pre-test score performance? Knowing the number of hours the student studied for the exam, can you predict their post-test scores? Is there a significant relationship between subject’s IQ and pre-test scores? Do the three treatments differ significantly from one another at pre-test? Do student IQ scores differ significantly from the population (μ = 100 & σ = 15)? Create your own research question based on the data. (All analyses are to be tested at α =.05, two tailed)Research indicates that there may be a relationship between caffeinated coffee consumption and risk of depression in women. Provided is data on the amount of caffeinated coffee consumed and whether the woman was diagnosed with clinical depression. Of interest is to see if there is evidence of an association between caffeinated coffee intake and clinical depression in women. What are the hypotheses? Caffeinated coffee Depression <1 cup/wk >=1 cup/day 2-3 cups/day 4+ cups/day Total Yes 670 1278 564 95 2607 No 11545 22573 11726 2288 48132 Total 12215 23851 12290 2383 50739 A. H0: H0 is not true and there is no association between caffeine intake and depression in women B. There is no association between caffeine intake and depression in women and H0 is not true C. Research indicates that there may be a relationship between caffeinated coffee consumption and risk of depression in women D. H0: There is an association between caffeine intake and…