A hollow shaft is to transmit 390 kW at 70 rpm. If the shear stress is not to exceed 45 MPa and the diameter ratio is 0.58,  Design the shaft by assuming the maximum torque is 40% greater than its mean torque. (i) The mean torque is (Unit is in Nm)= (ii) The maximum torque is (Unit is in Nm iii) The outer diameter of the shaft (unit in mm) (iv) The inner diameter of the shaft (unit in mm

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Combined Loading

Any functioning component, such as machine parts, structural members, pressure vessels, and so on, are all under the influence of more than one force. When anybody is under the influence of more than one force such as shear forces, bending moments, axial forces, torsion, and so on, then such body is said to be under combined loading. A very practical example of combined loading is the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine (IC engine). The crankshaft of the IC engine is under high rpm, which is caused due to the torsional forces. Due to the presence of piston, counterbalances, and internal imbalances, the crankshaft experiences lateral forces and due to the rise in temperature, the crankshaft undergoes thermal expansion, which pulls the crankshaft along the axial direction and lateral direction. The presence of unbalanced loads along the periphery of the crankshaft also induces a bending moment.