A 50 m long propeller solid shaft for a ship has been designed for a low-carbon steel that has an allowable shear stress of 80 MPa. To safely carry the design torque with the low-carbon steel requires a solid shaft that has an outside diameter of 325 mm. It has been decided to change the design from a solid shaft to a hollow shaft made of a stronger alloy steel that has an allowable shear stress of 150 MPa. The 325 mm outside diameter is to be retained in the redesigned hollow propeller shaft. Determine the maximum allowable inside diameter (rounded down to the nearest millimeter) that can be used for the redesigned hollow propeller shaft made of alloy steel.

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Combined Loading

Any functioning component, such as machine parts, structural members, pressure vessels, and so on, are all under the influence of more than one force. When anybody is under the influence of more than one force such as shear forces, bending moments, axial forces, torsion, and so on, then such body is said to be under combined loading. A very practical example of combined loading is the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine (IC engine). The crankshaft of the IC engine is under high rpm, which is caused due to the torsional forces. Due to the presence of piston, counterbalances, and internal imbalances, the crankshaft experiences lateral forces and due to the rise in temperature, the crankshaft undergoes thermal expansion, which pulls the crankshaft along the axial direction and lateral direction. The presence of unbalanced loads along the periphery of the crankshaft also induces a bending moment.