A health educator wants to evaluate the effect of a dental film on the frequency with which children brush their teeth. A random selection of 8 children is used for the experiment.  First, a baseline of the number of times the children brush their teeth over a month’s period is established.  Next, the children are shown the dental film and again the number of teeth brushings are recorded for a month.  The following data are recorded:   Subject 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 After Film 28 29 25 30 25 27 28 24 Baseline 25 28 22 30 26 24 25 22 What is the nondirectional alternative hypothesis?  df =                           ∑ D2 = __  Dobt =             µD  =                                 SSD =

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Types of Bias

Statistics is the study of data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Statistical bias is a characteristic of a statistical technique or its findings in which the expected value deviates from the actual root quantitative parameter being estimated. According to the actual definition of bias, it refers to the tendency of a statistic to overestimate or underestimate a parameter.