A Food Microbiologist would like to determine all the possible effects of temperature and pH on microbial growth rate (Kg). How will s/he express her/his hypothesis in an equation? Illustrate the effect of temperatures 4, 15, and 25 °C on microbial spoilage of food. Assume that spoilage takes place when APC > 5.0 log CFU/g.
Q: Give an example of an animal that has evolved through time such as birds, insects and others. How ha...
A: Darwin was influenced by Malthus essay on population , Waslace essay on " the tendency of varieties ...
Q: How many hosts does Schistosoma japonicum need to infect to complete a life cycle? Which life-histo...
A: Schistosoma japonicum is a significant parasite and is among the main schistosomiasis infecting path...
Q: Explain the reason behind the positive result in Benedict's test in leaves and roots of a plant.
A: Introduction:- Benedict's test is a chemical test that can be used to determine whether or not an an...
Q: Which describe the possible flow of energy in an ecosystem
A: *All living organisms in an ecosystem are related through food chains and food web that makes up tr...
Q: Exercise 4 2
A: ANSWER
Q: "In repolarization, potassium channels close and additional sodium channels open; sodium movement in...
A: Repolarization allides to the changes in membrane potential that goes back to a negative value soon ...
Q: How did Cholera—A Victory for Public Health Research pandemic ends?
A: Cholera is caused by bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
Q: When a normal animal cell is deprived of survival factors, you would predict that... a) levels of pr...
A: Apoptosis is a key event in many biological processes. In adult humans, apoptosis occurs when cells ...
Q: 1. What specific purpose does the tube having substrate and distilled water serve? It's a controlled...
A: Experiment variables An experiment have different variables which are any factor, trait or any cond...
Q: Collecting data that can then be transformed into a bacterial growth curve is usually done using a s...
A: A spectrophotometer is an instrument used to measure the amount of light absorbed by a sample. The m...
Q: Are oils from plants always less saturated than oils or fats from animal source?
A: Saturated Fats: A saturated fat is one in which all of the fatty acid chains are single-bonded. A g...
Q: Which of the following terms refers to changes during developments to serve a specific function? O d...
A: Introduction :- Morphogenesis is a biological process that controls the spatial distribution of cell...
Q: Which of the following is FALSE regarding interphase? O interphase is the longest phase of the cell ...
A: Cell division is of two types: Mitosis Mieosis
Q: In corn, kernel color is governed by a dominant allele for white color (A) and by a recessive allele...
A: Given data: Frequency of heterozygous genotypes? Total kernels= 152 Tatal white kernels (homozygous...
Q: Which taxon is classified with the presence of club shaped structures that contain the reproductive ...
A: During the reproductive phase, fungi produce spores are produced via asexual or sexual reproduction....
Q: Describe how you would predict the amount of mRNA for gene A and gene B in two normal cells if you o...
A: Central dogma is the molecular process by which DNA is transcribed into mRNA, mRNAs then translated ...
Q: Which combinations of taxa is used in identifying the organisms with binomial nomenclature? Group of...
A: The binomial nomenclature system is the most recent system to determine the scientific names of any ...
Q: 9. What is the long be the case. 10. Are the other phases of mitosis equal (or close)? Suggest a rea...
A: Interphase is the longest part of the cell cycle. During this phase, the cell grows and copies its D...
Q: Questions:- 6. In prokaryotes, which DNA polymerase is primarily responsible for filling in the gap...
A: NER (nucleotide excision repair) is a critical DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) repair mechanism. It is u...
Q: list the distinct interacting realms within the Earth System.
A: Despite the fact that the four systems have distinct identities, there is significant interaction am...
Q: In the pathway below, normal signalling driving cell division requires a mitogen (ligand), an RTK, R...
A: Mutations are alterations in the DNA sequence of an organism. Small changes, such as adding or remov...
Q: Describe how each of the following physical factors affect microbial growth and aid in classificatio...
A: Microbial growth It is defined as an enhancement in the number of cells of microbes. there are seve...
Q: Using the information on the box provided, which of the following statements is true? First Second T...
A: According to Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, the sum of allelic frequency , p+q= 1. And the frequency re...
Q: Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the Hardy-Weinberg expression: p2 + 2pq + q2? Gr...
A: Hardy-Weinberg gave the null hypothesis for populations that are not evolving. Hence if the null hyp...
Q: A eukaryotic gene is added to a mixture containing a restriction enzyme EcoRI and a bacterial plasmi...
A: The EcoRI restriction site is present in tetracycline resistance gene. This meand that while ligatin...
Q: 15. Final Synthesis. Describe how a cell that is FIXED can be used to estimate the time spent in the...
A: "Microbes on the Move" includes a personal narrative story as well as a few other short stories abou...
Q: does cell theory states that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from ot...
A: Unicellular organisms are capable of independent existence and performing the essential functions of...
Q: Enzyme(s) associated with the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane directly activated by G-proteins...
A: GPCRs are the largest and most diverse groups of membrane receptors. They convert extracellular sign...
Q: The is responsible for homeostasis and the coordination of the nervous and endocrine systems. O midb...
A: Introduction :- The endocrine system, which is made up of all of the body's hormones, regulates all ...
Q: Which level of classification is the LEAST inclusive? Group of answer choices phylum kingdom family ...
A: The system of classification classifies organisms into different levels of taxonomic groups. Inclusi...
Q: Which of the following are things we would find at an archaeological site that indicate Lower Paleol...
A: The old stone age is referred to as the Paleolithic age and it was observed around 40000 BC - 8000 B...
Q: ch as the heart beating and consuming oxygen. at 52.5 ml/kg/min. How many METS is she working at? Fg...
A: 37..The statement is false Resting metabolic rate is the amount of energy present at rest. BMR- ba...
Q: A mistake was made in preparing the arginine decarboxylase test, and mineral oil was NOT added to th...
A: * Decarboxylation test is for anaerobic reactions hence mineral oil is to be added to the broth to k...
Q: Explain in detail what this picture shows which part? Cerebellum
A: This is a histological diagram showing various layers of cerebellum. The following image is indicati...
Q: Transmission of traits in a population and determines the extent of the environmenta effect to the a...
A: The transmission of alleles in the population is depends on different factors. The expression of all...
Q: What is the rate-limiting step in cytoskeletal filament assembly? A. Nucleation B. Extension...
A: Rate limiting step means the slowest step of cytoskeleton filament. actin filaments, microtubules, a...
Q: Answer the following questions. 1. If you want to engage in hog fattening, which breed would you cho...
A: 1. For Nursery operations, which focus on rearing pigs from weaning of pigs until the 'feeder' stage...
Q: explain how the concentration of the N protein helps regulate the transcription of mRNA and full len...
A: Viruses are microscopic living things found in a variety of habitats on earth. Mostly all the member...
Q: Ciana martin Polygenic Traits Worksheet 1. Cross a green parakeet (BbYy) with a white parakeet (bbyy...
A: Punnett square- is developed by darwin to identify all the genetic trait of an organism. Phenotype ...
Q: Once a steroid hormone binds to its receptor, the hormone-receptor complex .. a) becomes water solub...
A: Steroid hormones are secreted by three steroid glands - adrenal cortex, tested and ovaries. Steroid ...
Q: In rabbits, the length of the tail is governed by 3 sets of additive genes A B and C. The longest ta...
A:
Q: Describe the phases of interphase. a.) G1 B.) S C.) G2
A: Interphase is a metabolically active stage between two mitotic divisions during which the cell prepa...
Q: The following media are used to grow bacteria for various purposes. Match the examples of media that...
A: MacConkey Agar: - Selective Growth Medium Malt Extract Agar:- Complex Medium
Q: 5. Using the hip joint reaction force example we did in class, if the moment arm for the cane is 30 ...
A: Our body's bones offer support for their mobility. A joint is a location where two or more bones com...
Q: The Coulter counter works on the following principle: O A. the increasing current is indirectly prop...
A: Coulter Counter Principle: - It is based on the principle that electrical resistance of a conducting...
Q: review of related literature of ant repellents
A: Ants are a annoyance around the world.Ants are harmful insects.Ant bites can cause pain, allergic re...
Q: Homo erectus,
A:
Q: A person traveled to Asia and is having trouble with jet lag. What would be the best way to get used...
A: Answer Jet lag, also known as jet lag disorder, is a transitory sleep issue that can affect anybody ...
Q: Which correctly characterizes the difference between gram+ and gram- bacteria? Group of answer choic...
A: The gram+ and gram - are the two types of bacteria that are differentiated based on the gram stainin...
Q: (a) Name the following: (1) The phenomenon by which living or dead plant cells absorb water by surfa...
A: A cell is the smallest unit of life. It is divided into two types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. A cel...
Microbial Physiology
Microbial physiology is the branch of microbiology that is associated with studying the physiology of fungi, bacteria, and viruses. It is an important field of science concerning functional genomics and metabolic engineering.
Chemotaxis
The organism’s movement in a particular direction as a response to certain chemicals that are available in the environment is defined as chemotaxis. In brief, it can be defined as the occurrence of an organism’s movement in response to a certain chemical stimulus.
A Food Microbiologist would like to determine all the possible effects of temperature and pH on microbial growth rate (Kg). How will s/he express her/his hypothesis in an equation?
Illustrate the effect of temperatures 4, 15, and 25 °C on microbial spoilage of food. Assume that spoilage takes place when APC > 5.0 log CFU/g.
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- Two microorganisms that use naphthalene as a food source have the same Umax but different Ks values for naphthalene. If both types of microorganisms are inoculated at the same cell density into a liquid culture containing naphthalene as the sole carbon source (i.e. the only food source), which microorganism will outcompete the other: the one with the higher Ks or the one with the lower Ks. Why?.(b) A Food material containing Bacillus stearothermophilus PS1518 as an indicator organism ts subjected to heat sterilization at 121 C. Calculate the time required to reduce the organism to one tenth of the original number. Fo value for the organism is 4 minutes and the decimal reduction time , D, at 116°C is 40 minutes. Assume operation is at constant temperature of 121°C. HINT Fo = -To 10 dt Where Fo = equivalent exposure time at 121°C of the actual exposure time at a variable temperature To = the reference temperature =121 C, z=10 = number ofC necessary for10fold increase in FThe N excess/deficit factor for 100 kg of an organic material that contained 60% C (carbon) and 0.5% N (nitrogen) would likely be (assuming that 35% of the carbon is metabolized by microorganisms and the carbon and nitrogen are assimilated in a 10:1 ratio). -3.85 kg (deficit, N immobilization) -1.05 kg (deficit, N immobilization) -2.50 kg (deficit, N immobilization) -1.60 kg (deficit, N immobilization) -2.15 kg (deficit, N immobilization)
- 300 -0,005 mg/mL - 0,010 mg/mL -0,015 mg/mL - 0,020 mg/mL -0,025 mg/mL - 0,030 mg/mL -0,035 mg/mL 250 200 150 100 50 50 100 150 200 Time (min) The microbial growth curves of solutions at various concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 µg mL-1) of apramycin in tryptone-soy broth inoculated with Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739) at 5% and incubated for 180 minutes (absorbances measured at 630 nm at intervals of 30 minutes) are shown What have you observed in the microbial growth in high concentrations compared with the low concentrations? Absorbance (mAU)To determine the metabolizable energy (ME) of a petfood, I can use Modified Atwater Values (3.5, 3.5 and 8.5 Kcal/kg for NFE, protein and fat, respectively). Below is my petfood label. Calcluate the ME for the label in Kcal/kg. Moisture = 10% Protein = 28% Fat = 14% Ash = 4% Fiber = 4%Nicotiana tabacum cells are cultured to produce a polysaccharide gum. The reactor used is a stirred-tank reactor with an initial volume of 100 L. The maximum specific rate of growth of the culture is 0.18 d-1 and the yield coefficient of substrate in biomass is 0.5 gX/gS. The concentration of the limiting substrate in the medium is 3% (m/v). The reactor is inoculated with 1.5 g/L of cells and operated in batch until the substrate is exhausted, when the medium is fed with a constant flow rate of 8 L/d. The fed batch occurs in a quasi-steady state condition.a) Estimate the time of the batch step and the concentration of cells reached in this phase, considering exponential cell growth.b) The fed batch phase is carried out for a period of 40 days. What is the final concentration of cells in the reactor?c) The bioreactor is available for the process for 275 days a year, with an interval of 24 hours between each cultivation. What is the most advantageous operating mode for the process…
- The data below were obtained for the growth of a pure culture of Escherichia coli in nutrient broth at a temperature of 37°C. Determine (1) the specific growth rate and (2) generation time of E. coli and the duration of the (3) lag and (4) log (or exponential) phases. (ln 2 = 0.693) Time (h) 0 1 2 3 4 8 16 32 Bacterial No./mL 104.1 103.9 104.4 105.5 106.5 107.7 108.0 107.6The phenol concentration of wastewater was determined from three (3) parallel determinations, giving a mean of 0.513 μg L-1 and a standard deviation of 0.05 μg L-1. Decide at a risk level of 5% (or a confidence level of 95%) whether a reference value of 0.520 μg L-1 is statistically different.'You have been working in the Quality Control lab at KOO [] for a month when you noticed a dramatic increase in the incidence of thermophilic incubator spoilage of canned sweet corn produced by the company. Describe the steps you would use to determine the cause of the increased spoilage. Your discussion must include the procedure(s) you would use to determine the thermal death time and the D-value of the spoilage organism. NB: Include your own diagrams as well. :
- The following four chemicals commonly found in defined growth media contain all of the necessary atomic macronutrients, namely C, O, N, H, S and P, which microbes require: glucose (C6H12O6), K2HPO4, MgSO4.7H2O, and (NH4)HPO4. Part a. Create a simple diagram to map which growth media chemical contributes atoms to which of the four biological macromolecules (amino acids, polysaccharides, lipids, and ribonucleic acids). Part b. Consider a cell culture broth that originally (before inoculation with cells) contains 5.0 gr/L glucose (C6H12O6), 1.2 gr/L K2HPO4, 0.3 gr/L MgSO4∙7H2O, and 1.0 gr/L (NH4)HPO4. Create a table showing how much of each of the different atoms (C, H, O, K, P, Mg, S, N) are available for incorporation into cell macromolecules (assume 50% of the glucose is catabolized, while the remainder goes for energy (respiration). Express your answers with units of grams of atomic species / liter of culture broth.You have been working in the quality control lab at Koo for a month when you noticed a dramatic increase in the incidence of thermophilic incubator spoilage of canned sweet corn produced by the company. Describe the steps you would use to determine the cause of the increased spoilage. Your discussion must include the procedures you would use to determine the thermal death time and the D-value of the spoilage organism.A patient is prescribed Cipro for an upper espiratory tract infection. The oral suspension is labelled 200 mg/5 mL and the patient needs to take 800 mg every 12 hours for 7 to 15 days. How many ug are in each dose? How many mL must the patient take in each dose? How many g of Cipro is the patient taking every 24 hours? What is the molarity of the Cipro oral suspension? MW Cipro=331.35 g/mole