A drinking water treatment plant is to treat 50 x 10° L/day of water from the source in Question 1 using excess lime-soda ash process to reduce the hardness. Assuming (a) the final Ca²+ and Mg2+ hardness in the water is 30 and 10 mg/L as CaCO3, respectively, (b) 62.5 mg/L as CaCO3 excess lime is to be used, and (c) 10 mg/L as CaCO3 of Mg(OH)2 and 15 mg/L of CaCO3 are to be converted to HCO3 by second stage re-carbonation to reach water stability.

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Landfills

The landfill is a site used for the disposal of waste materials. The landfill is a solid waste facility that is often known as a dumping ground. The image below shows a landfill site in Hawaii. Landfilling is the most ancient and common method used for the disposal of waste. For the landfill, a deep trench is constructed in an isolated place away from the city. The trench for landfills is designed properly after analyzing the total population and the waste generation per capita. The waste is dumped into the trench and after every layer of waste, a layer of soil is spread on the top of it.