**Problem Statement:**Determine the lime and soda ash dose, in mg/L as CaCO₃, to soften the following water to a final hardness of 90.0 mg/L as CaCO₃. If the price of lime, purchased as CaO, is $61.70 per megagram (Mg), and the price of soda ash, purchased as Na₂CO₃, is $172.50 per Mg, what is the annual chemical cost of treating 0.050 m³/s of this water? Assume the lime is 90% pure and the soda ash is 97% pure. The ion concentrations reported below are all mg/L as CaCO₃.**Ion Concentrations:**- Ca²⁺ = 137.0- Mg²⁺ = 40.0- HCO₃⁻ = 197.0- CO₂ = 9.0

The word hardness was originally given to waters that were difficult to wash in, referring to hard…

18. Determine the lime and soda ash dose, in mg/L as CACO3, to soften the following water to a final hardness of 90.0 mg/L as CaCO3. If the price of lime, purchased as CaO, is $61.70 per megagram (Mg), and the price of soda ash, purchased as NazCO is $172.50 per Mg, what is the annual chemical cost of treating 0.050 m'/s of this water? Assume the lime is 90% pure and the soda ash is 97% pure. The ion concen- trations reported below are all mg/L as CaCO3. Ca2+ =137.0 = 40.0 2+ Mg HCO, =197.0 CO2 =9.0 %3D

18. Determine the lime and soda ash dose, in mg/L as CACO3, to soften the following water to a final hardness of 90.0 mg/L as CaCO3. If the price of lime, purchased as CaO, is $61.70 per megagram (Mg), and the price of soda ash, purchased as NazCO is $172.50 per Mg, what is the annual chemical cost of treating 0.050 m'/s of this water? Assume the lime is 90% pure and the soda ash is 97% pure. The ion concen- trations reported below are all mg/L as CaCO3. Ca2+ =137.0 = 40.0 2+ Mg HCO, =197.0 CO2 =9.0 %3D

Structural Analysis

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Chapter2: Loads On Structures

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Fluid Materials

In general terms, anything that flows can be termed as a fluid. In other words, a fluid is any substance that cannot resist shear forces and deforms continuously under the application of external shear forces. Fluid materials differ completely from solid materials such as metals and alloys. For instance, if we consider two infinitesimally small cross-sectional areas of fluid materials and solid materials, and apply shear forces to these elements, both the elements will undergo deformation. Upon releasing the shear force, the element of the solid materials will regain its original orientation, but the element of the fluid materials will keep on deforming continuously under the action of the shear force.

Question

**Problem Statement:**

Determine the lime and soda ash dose, in mg/L as CaCO₃, to soften the following water to a final hardness of 90.0 mg/L as CaCO₃. If the price of lime, purchased as CaO, is $61.70 per megagram (Mg), and the price of soda ash, purchased as Na₂CO₃, is $172.50 per Mg, what is the annual chemical cost of treating 0.050 m³/s of this water? Assume the lime is 90% pure and the soda ash is 97% pure. The ion concentrations reported below are all mg/L as CaCO₃.

**Ion Concentrations:**

- Ca²⁺ = 137.0
- Mg²⁺ = 40.0
- HCO₃⁻ = 197.0
- CO₂ = 9.0

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