A concrete column of cross-sectional area 400 mm x 400 mm is reinforced by four longitudinal 50 mm diameter round steel bars placed at each corner. If the column carries a compressive load of 300 kN, determine : (i) Loads carried; (ii) The compressive stress produced in the concrete and steel bars. Young's modulus of elasticity of steel is 15 times that of concrete.

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.