Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the organic compounds that are obtained in foods and living matters in the shape of sugars, cellulose, and starch. The general formula of carbohydrates is Cn(H2O)2. The ratio of H and O present in carbohydrates is identical to water.
Starch
Starch is a polysaccharide carbohydrate that belongs to the category of polysaccharide carbohydrates.
Mutarotation
The rotation of a particular structure of the chiral compound because of the epimerization is called mutarotation. It is the repercussion of the ring chain tautomerism. In terms of glucose, this can be defined as the modification in the equilibrium of the α- and β- glucose anomers upon its dissolution in the solvent water. This process is usually seen in the chemistry of carbohydrates.
L Sugar
A chemical compound that is represented with a molecular formula C6H12O6 is called L-(-) sugar. At the carbon’s 5th position, the hydroxyl group is placed to the compound’s left and therefore the sugar is represented as L(-)-sugar. It is capable of rotating the polarized light’s plane in the direction anticlockwise. L isomers are one of the 2 isomers formed by the configurational stereochemistry of the carbohydrates.
![In this section, we explore the stability of carbocations based on the number of alkyl substituents attached to the positively charged carbon. Generally, the more alkyl substituents present, the more stable the cation becomes. Your task is to determine which of the two carbocations in each pair is more stable. If both are equally stable, please indicate this.
### a)
**Carbocation a**:
- Structure: \( \text{H}_3\text{C} - \overset{+}{\text{C}} - \text{CH}_2 - \text{CH}_3 \)
- Substituents: One alkyl group (\( \text{CH}_2\text{CH}_3 \))
**Carbocation b**:
- Structure: \( \text{H}_3\text{C} - \text{CH} - \overset{+}{\text{C}} - \text{CH}_3 \)
- Substituents: Two alkyl groups (\( \text{CH}_3 \) and \( \text{CH}_3 \))
[Dropdown menu for selecting which is more stable]
### b)
**Carbocation a**:
- Structure: Cyclopentane with a positive charge on the carbon adjacent to a methyl group.
**Carbocation b**:
- Structure: Cyclopentane with a positive charge on a carbon that carries a methyl group.
[Dropdown menu for selecting which is more stable]
These examples illustrate the stabilization of carbocations through hyperconjugation and inductive effects, which increase with additional alkyl groups.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fbe21ad11-6e18-4b63-a679-8109648f0f0b%2F760331f8-47fb-4765-adb3-40c1b676cd91%2Fik4fuqi_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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