Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the organic compounds that are obtained in foods and living matters in the shape of sugars, cellulose, and starch. The general formula of carbohydrates is Cn(H2O)2. The ratio of H and O present in carbohydrates is identical to water.
Starch
Starch is a polysaccharide carbohydrate that belongs to the category of polysaccharide carbohydrates.
Mutarotation
The rotation of a particular structure of the chiral compound because of the epimerization is called mutarotation. It is the repercussion of the ring chain tautomerism. In terms of glucose, this can be defined as the modification in the equilibrium of the α- and β- glucose anomers upon its dissolution in the solvent water. This process is usually seen in the chemistry of carbohydrates.
L Sugar
A chemical compound that is represented with a molecular formula C6H12O6 is called L-(-) sugar. At the carbon’s 5th position, the hydroxyl group is placed to the compound’s left and therefore the sugar is represented as L(-)-sugar. It is capable of rotating the polarized light’s plane in the direction anticlockwise. L isomers are one of the 2 isomers formed by the configurational stereochemistry of the carbohydrates.
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![The image shows a table with two columns: "Name" and "Structure." Below is the transcription of the table with detailed descriptions of the molecular structures:
### Table of Organic Compounds
#### Name | Structure
1. [Blank] | 
- Description: This structure represents an organic molecule with a carbon chain. It includes a double bond between the 4th and 5th carbon atoms from the left. The layout can be read as follows:
- One methyl group (CH3) at the beginning.
- Two methylene groups (CH2) connected in sequence.
- A third carbon forming a double bond with the 4th carbon.
- The 6th carbon has another methyl group attached (CH3).
2. [Blank] | -CH3)
- Description: This molecular structure consists of a longer carbon chain with branching:
- One methyl group (CH3) at the beginning.
- A methylene group (CH2) followed by a carbon atom bonded to another methyl group (CH3).
- A second methylene group linked to a carbon atom with an ethyl group (C2H5).
- The final carbon atom has a methyl group attached.
3. [Blank] | 
- Description: This structure features a carbon chain with a triple bond:
- One methyl group (CH3) at the beginning.
- Two methylene groups (CH2) in sequence.
- A third carbon forming a triple bond with the 4th carbon.
- A fifth carbon atom bonded to another methyl group (CH3).
4. [Blank] | -CH3)
- Description: This structure emphasizes complex branching with multiple bonds:
- One methyl group (CH3) at the start.
- A methylene group (CH2) followed by a carbon that branches into another carbon.
- The first](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F918c6600-bcd3-4fd5-a080-8ff573dbe9f8%2F44add653-1fa0-4357-a669-9da4cc33b668%2Flxjfbu_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:The image shows a table with two columns: "Name" and "Structure." Below is the transcription of the table with detailed descriptions of the molecular structures:
### Table of Organic Compounds
#### Name | Structure
1. [Blank] | 
- Description: This structure represents an organic molecule with a carbon chain. It includes a double bond between the 4th and 5th carbon atoms from the left. The layout can be read as follows:
- One methyl group (CH3) at the beginning.
- Two methylene groups (CH2) connected in sequence.
- A third carbon forming a double bond with the 4th carbon.
- The 6th carbon has another methyl group attached (CH3).
2. [Blank] | -CH3)
- Description: This molecular structure consists of a longer carbon chain with branching:
- One methyl group (CH3) at the beginning.
- A methylene group (CH2) followed by a carbon atom bonded to another methyl group (CH3).
- A second methylene group linked to a carbon atom with an ethyl group (C2H5).
- The final carbon atom has a methyl group attached.
3. [Blank] | 
- Description: This structure features a carbon chain with a triple bond:
- One methyl group (CH3) at the beginning.
- Two methylene groups (CH2) in sequence.
- A third carbon forming a triple bond with the 4th carbon.
- A fifth carbon atom bonded to another methyl group (CH3).
4. [Blank] | -CH3)
- Description: This structure emphasizes complex branching with multiple bonds:
- One methyl group (CH3) at the start.
- A methylene group (CH2) followed by a carbon that branches into another carbon.
- The first
Transcribed Image Text:This image contains three structural diagrams of different organic molecules, likely alkanes based on their structures. These diagrams show the skeletal formulas of the molecules, indicating the arrangement of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms.
1. **First Molecule (Top)**
- The molecule depicted has a backbone of seven carbon atoms with single bonds.
- The structure includes:
- A branching carbon fourth from the left, adding a methyl group (CH₃).
- The molecular formula can be interpreted as C₈H₁₈.
- This structure represents 3-methylheptane.
2. **Second Molecule (Middle)**
- The molecule illustrated has a backbone of four carbon atoms.
- The structure includes:
- A branching carbon second from the left with two methyl groups (CH₃) attached.
- The molecular formula can be interpreted as C₆H₁₄.
- This structure represents 2,2-dimethylbutane.
3. **Third Molecule (Bottom)**
- The molecule shown has a backbone of five carbon atoms.
- The structure includes:
- A branching carbon second from the left with one methyl group (CH₃).
- The molecular formula can be interpreted as C₆H₁₄.
- This structure represents 2-methylpentane.
Each diagram is drawn within a box to clearly demarcate the different structures. The image quality indicates it was captured from a screen (likely a computer) showing an educational, chemistry-related topic. These structural formulas help in understanding the isomeric relationships between different hydrocarbons and their systematic naming based on IUPAC nomenclature rules.
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