A B 2. If the distance between A and D and their last common ancestor (LCA) is 4 and the distance between B and Cand their LCA is 6.2 while the distance between the two LCAS is 5.4. Calculate the UPGMA between A and B?.

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
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### Phylogenetic Tree and UPGMA Calculation

#### Diagram Description:
The diagram represents a phylogenetic tree with four labeled branches: A, D, B, and C. Each branch denotes a different species or sequence, and their connecting lines illustrate their evolutionary relationships.

- **A** and **D** share a common ancestor, branching off from a single node.
- **B** and **C** also share a common ancestor from a different node.
- The common ancestors of (A, D) and (B, C) branch off from yet another node.

#### Problem Statement:
2. 
   If the distance between A and D and their last common ancestor (LCA) is 4 and the distance between B and C and their LCA is 6.2 while the distance between the two LCAs is 5.4, calculate the UPGMA between A and B.

#### Calculation:
To calculate the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) between A and B, we need to average the pairwise distances considering their evolutionary distances from their respective common ancestors.

Given distances:
- Distance between A and D (from their LCA) = 4
- Distance between B and C (from their LCA) = 6.2
- Distance between the two LCAs = 5.4

From these values, we derive the distances between individual points in the tree:
- Distance between A and its LCA with D = 4 / 2 = 2
- Distance between D and its LCA with A = 4 / 2 = 2
- Distance between B and its LCA with C = 6.2 / 2 = 3.1
- Distance between C and its LCA with B = 6.2 / 2 = 3.1
- Distance between the two LCAs (their midpoint) = 5.4

To find the UPGMA distance between A and B:
1. Calculate the distance from A through its LCA to the common LCA: 2 (A to LCA with D) + 5.4 / 2 = 2 + 2.7 = 4.7
2. Calculate the distance from B through its LCA to the common LCA: 3.1 (B to LCA with C) + 5.4 / 2 = 3.1 +
Transcribed Image Text:### Phylogenetic Tree and UPGMA Calculation #### Diagram Description: The diagram represents a phylogenetic tree with four labeled branches: A, D, B, and C. Each branch denotes a different species or sequence, and their connecting lines illustrate their evolutionary relationships. - **A** and **D** share a common ancestor, branching off from a single node. - **B** and **C** also share a common ancestor from a different node. - The common ancestors of (A, D) and (B, C) branch off from yet another node. #### Problem Statement: 2. If the distance between A and D and their last common ancestor (LCA) is 4 and the distance between B and C and their LCA is 6.2 while the distance between the two LCAs is 5.4, calculate the UPGMA between A and B. #### Calculation: To calculate the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) between A and B, we need to average the pairwise distances considering their evolutionary distances from their respective common ancestors. Given distances: - Distance between A and D (from their LCA) = 4 - Distance between B and C (from their LCA) = 6.2 - Distance between the two LCAs = 5.4 From these values, we derive the distances between individual points in the tree: - Distance between A and its LCA with D = 4 / 2 = 2 - Distance between D and its LCA with A = 4 / 2 = 2 - Distance between B and its LCA with C = 6.2 / 2 = 3.1 - Distance between C and its LCA with B = 6.2 / 2 = 3.1 - Distance between the two LCAs (their midpoint) = 5.4 To find the UPGMA distance between A and B: 1. Calculate the distance from A through its LCA to the common LCA: 2 (A to LCA with D) + 5.4 / 2 = 2 + 2.7 = 4.7 2. Calculate the distance from B through its LCA to the common LCA: 3.1 (B to LCA with C) + 5.4 / 2 = 3.1 +
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