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9-10 Using Equation 9-2, demonstrate that interfacial energy (σ) has units of J/m² in SI. 9-11 Calculate the total interfacial surface energy for 1016 spheres of copper, each with the critical radius r*. 9-12 Of the ferrous elements, which has the lowest undercooling required for homogeneous nucleation? Does this have any practical significance? 9-13 If the total change in free energy of a mol- ten metal is 5.34 x 10-17 J upon forma- tion of the first stable solid and the free energy per unit volume is -17.7 J/cm³, approximate the radius of the first stable spherical solid. The surface free energy of the solid-liquid interface is 100 x 10-7 J/cm². 9-14 Using the densities in Appendix A, convert the heats of fusion in Table 9-1 from units of J/cm³ to kJ/kg. 9-15 Assume that instead of a spherical nucleus, we have a nucleus in the form of a cube of length x. Calculate the critical dimension x* of the cube necessary for nucleation. Write an equation similar to Equation 9-1 for a cubical nucleus, and derive an expression for x* similar to Equation 9-2. 9-2 9-2 Sec Nu 9-2 9-2 9-2 9-2 9-2

9-10 Using Equation 9-2, demonstrate that interfacial energy (σ) has units of J/m² in SI. 9-11 Calculate the total interfacial surface energy for 1016 spheres of copper, each with the critical radius r*. 9-12 Of the ferrous elements, which has the lowest undercooling required for homogeneous nucleation? Does this have any practical significance? 9-13 If the total change in free energy of a mol- ten metal is 5.34 x 10-17 J upon forma- tion of the first stable solid and the free energy per unit volume is -17.7 J/cm³, approximate the radius of the first stable spherical solid. The surface free energy of the solid-liquid interface is 100 x 10-7 J/cm². 9-14 Using the densities in Appendix A, convert the heats of fusion in Table 9-1 from units of J/cm³ to kJ/kg. 9-15 Assume that instead of a spherical nucleus, we have a nucleus in the form of a cube of length x. Calculate the critical dimension x* of the cube necessary for nucleation. Write an equation similar to Equation 9-1 for a cubical nucleus, and derive an expression for x* similar to Equation 9-2. 9-2 9-2 Sec Nu 9-2 9-2 9-2 9-2 9-2

Welding: Principles and Applications (MindTap Course List)
Welding: Principles and Applications (MindTap Course List)
8th Edition
ISBN:9781305494695
Author:Larry Jeffus
Publisher:Larry Jeffus
Chapter26: Welding Metallurgy
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 29R: Why is brine quenching faster than water quenching?
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9-10 Using Equation 9-2, demonstrate that interfacial energy (σ) has units of J/m² in SI. 9-11 Calculate the total interfacial surface energy for 1016 spheres of copper, each with the critical radius r*. 9-12 Of the ferrous elements, which has the lowest undercooling required for homogeneous nucleation? Does this have any practical significance? 9-13 If the total change in free energy of a mol- ten metal is 5.34 x 10-17 J upon forma- tion of the first stable solid and the free energy per unit volume is -17.7 J/cm³, approximate the radius of the first stable spherical solid. The surface free energy of the solid-liquid interface is 100 x 10-7 J/cm². 9-14 Using the densities in Appendix A, convert the heats of fusion in Table 9-1 from units of J/cm³ to kJ/kg. 9-15 Assume that instead of a spherical nucleus, we have a nucleus in the form of a cube of length x. Calculate the critical dimension x* of the cube necessary for nucleation. Write an equation similar to Equation 9-1 for a cubical nucleus, and derive an expression for x* similar to Equation 9-2. 9-2 9-2 Sec Nu 9-2 9-2 9-2 9-2 9-2
Transcribed Image Text:9-10 Using Equation 9-2, demonstrate that interfacial energy (σ) has units of J/m² in SI. 9-11 Calculate the total interfacial surface energy for 1016 spheres of copper, each with the critical radius r*. 9-12 Of the ferrous elements, which has the lowest undercooling required for homogeneous nucleation? Does this have any practical significance? 9-13 If the total change in free energy of a mol- ten metal is 5.34 x 10-17 J upon forma- tion of the first stable solid and the free energy per unit volume is -17.7 J/cm³, approximate the radius of the first stable spherical solid. The surface free energy of the solid-liquid interface is 100 x 10-7 J/cm². 9-14 Using the densities in Appendix A, convert the heats of fusion in Table 9-1 from units of J/cm³ to kJ/kg. 9-15 Assume that instead of a spherical nucleus, we have a nucleus in the form of a cube of length x. Calculate the critical dimension x* of the cube necessary for nucleation. Write an equation similar to Equation 9-1 for a cubical nucleus, and derive an expression for x* similar to Equation 9-2. 9-2 9-2 Sec Nu 9-2 9-2 9-2 9-2 9-2
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