5.3 A small power system consists of two buses connected by three transmission lines. Assuming that this power system must be operated according to the N-1 security criterion and that its operation is constrained only by thermal limits on the transmission lines, calculate the maximum power transfer between these two buses for each of the following conditions а. All three lines are in service and each line has a continuous thermal rating of 300 MW b. Only two lines rated at 300 MW are in service c. All three lines are in service. Two of them have a continuous thermal rating с. of 300 MW and the third is rated at 200 MW. 138 5 SYSTEM SECURITY AND ANCILLARY SERVICES d. All three lines are in service. All of them have a continuous thermal rating of 300 MW. However, during emergencies, they can sustain a 10% overload for 20 min. The generating units on the downstream bus can increase their output at the rate of 4 MW per minute. e. Same conditions as in (d), except that the output of the downstream gener- ators can only increase at the rate of 2 MW per minute. f. Low temperatures and high winds improve the heat transfer between the conductors and the atmosphere. Assume that this dynamic thermal rating increases the continuous and emergency loadings of (d) by 15%.
Load flow analysis
Load flow analysis is a study or numerical calculation of the power flow of power in steady-state conditions in any electrical system. It is used to determine the flow of power (real and reactive), voltage, or current in a system under any load conditions.
Nodal Matrix
The nodal matrix or simply known as admittance matrix, generally in engineering term it is called Y Matrix or Y bus, since it involve matrices so it is also referred as a n into n order matrix that represents a power system with n number of buses. It shows the buses' nodal admittance in a power system. The Y matrix is rather sparse in actual systems with thousands of buses. In the power system the transmission cables connect each bus to only a few other buses. Also the important data that one needs for have a power flow study is the Y Matrix.
Types of Buses
A bus is a type of system of communication that transfers data between the components inside a computer or between two or more computers. With multiple hardware connections, the earlier buses were parallel electrical wires but the term "bus" is now used for any type of physical arrangement which provides the same type of logical functions similar to the parallel electrical bus. Both parallel and bit connections are used by modern buses. They can be wired either electrical parallel or daisy chain topology or are connected by hubs which are switched same as in the case of Universal Serial Bus or USB.
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