Basics in Organic Reactions Mechanisms
In organic chemistry, the mechanism of an organic reaction is defined as a complete step-by-step explanation of how a reaction of organic compounds happens. A completely detailed mechanism would relate the first structure of the reactants with the last structure of the products and would represent changes in structure and energy all through the reaction step.
Heterolytic Bond Breaking
Heterolytic bond breaking is also known as heterolysis or heterolytic fission or ionic fission. It is defined as breaking of a covalent bond between two different atoms in which one atom gains both of the shared pair of electrons. The atom that gains both electrons is more electronegative than the other atom in covalent bond. The energy needed for heterolytic fission is called as heterolytic bond dissociation energy.
Polar Aprotic Solvent
Solvents that are chemically polar in nature and are not capable of hydrogen bonding (implying that a hydrogen atom directly linked with an electronegative atom is not found) are referred to as polar aprotic solvents. Some commonly used polar aprotic solvents are acetone, DMF, acetonitrile, DMSO, etc.
Oxygen Nucleophiles
Oxygen being an electron rich species with a lone pair electron, can act as a good nucleophile. Typically, oxygen nucleophiles can be found in these compounds- water, hydroxides and alcohols.
Carbon Nucleophiles
We are aware that carbon belongs to group IV and hence does not possess any lone pair of electrons. Implying that neutral carbon is not a nucleophile then how is carbon going to be nucleophilic? The answer to this is that when a carbon atom is attached to a metal (can be seen in the case of organometallic compounds), the metal atom develops a partial positive charge and carbon develops a partial negative charge, hence making carbon nucleophilic.
![is released.
there before the reaction began and the
products are the substances produced by the
reaction).
2. Was energy absorbed or released in each of
the observed reactions? Explain your
reasoning.
3. Which do you think has more stored energy
in each of the reactions observed, the reactants
or products? Explain your reasoning.
4. Which do you think is more chemicaly stable,
the reactants or products of each of the
reactions observed? Explain your reasoning.
5. Based upon your answers to questions 3 &
4, how does the amount of stored energy in a
substance relate to its chemical stability?
Explain your reasoning.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F841c1245-3d35-4870-860a-6de36cd781d8%2Ffdf8e447-44be-4bf4-b670-ff9c3f6d12ba%2F0nv3e7j_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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10
BIU
4
What do you notice?
What do you
wonder about?
Demo
What does it
remind you of?
What is a possible
reason/explanation?
1-Safety
Match
I noticed when he pulled
the fire work very fast.
It reminds me
of when I was
very little.
I wonder how
the fire works
out?
Maybe because
there is gas inside
it.
2-Candle
I noticed that when the fire
was extinguished and then of when the
when he tried to try it
again it worked because of off and I used
the smoke.
It reminds me
I wonder how
Maybe the smoke
has some gas.
the smoke
electricity went
made the
candle work
to have a
again?
candle to see.
3-Water
Bottle
I noticed the fire didn't
stop until I went all over
the alcohol.
It reminds me
I wonder if that
is going to work
outside of the
bottle?
Maybe it's going if
it's warm.
of the fire I
see in the
movies.
4-
Magnesium
(or Sparkler)
I noticed the fire color went
to whtie color.
It reminds me
of my friend's
birthday. She
I wonder why it
Maybe because of
the magnesium.
went to white
color?
put some fires
on the cake
and it went to
white , the
same as what
I saw right
now.
5-Balloon
I noticed a fire coming out
from the baloon. The fire
that comes out is the same
size as the balloon.
It reminds me
of a movie that
I watched.
I wonder why
the fire comes
Maybe because of
the oxygen.
out the same
size as the
baloon.
6-Smoke
I noticed a lot of smoke
It's remind me
I wonder why
Maybe because
!!](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F841c1245-3d35-4870-860a-6de36cd781d8%2Ffdf8e447-44be-4bf4-b670-ff9c3f6d12ba%2F46jjj9m_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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