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Introduction :
Organic molecules that are insoluble in water are referred to be lipids. These molecules are often produced in the liver of a human being. They are made up of a long hydrocarbon chain of fatty acids connected to a phosphodiester group. Lipids are of two types, simple and compound.
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- 1. Draw the general structure of glycerophospholipids and designate the site for variation in head group. LIPID NAME STRUCTURE Phosphatidic acid Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylserine Phosphatidylglycerol Phosphatidyllinositol9. Although proteins rarely if ever flip flop across a membrane, distribution of membrane lipids between the membrane leaflets is not absolute except in the case of glycolipids. Why are glycosylated lipids less likely to flip-flop?1. Theoretically, a protein could assume a virtually infinite number of configurations and conformations. Suggestseveral features of proteins that drastically limit the actual number. 2. What are the greatest structural features that differentiate sphingolipids from phosphoglycerides? 3. High levels of glucose-6-phosphate inhibit glycolysis. If the concentration of glucose-6-phosphate decreases,activity is restored. Why?
- 13. Which of the following statements about membrane phospholipids is/are true? a) They are oriented within biological membranes with polar head groups facing the outsides of the membrane. b) Only if assisted by the appropriate enzymes, phospholipids in aqueous solution will form themselves into bilayers, which seal their edges by forming droplets. c) They can have different shapes depending on the presence of double bonds in their fatty acid tails. d) a and c e) a, b and cThe following is a block diagram for a glycerophospholipid where the building blocks are labeled with letters and the linkages between building blocks are labeled with numbers. ____________ 5. Which building blocks are glycerol residues? ____________ 6. Which building blocks are phosphate residues? ____________ 7. Which linkages involve an alcohol residue? ____________ 8. Which linkages involve both glycerol and fatty acid residues?A group of BS Biology students were tasked to design and fabricate different synthetic cell membranes that could be used to simulate cellular activities of certain organisms. Below are the chemical structures of the compounds that are available to them: H2C-OH НС — ОН HO H2C-OH myristic acid glycerol НО alpha-linolenic acid HO-P-o OH orthophosphate HO NH2 sphingosine OH CH2OH NH3 CH2OH HO ethanolamine HO OH OH OH Но. lactose ("point of attachment) Given these compounds, help the students assemble the structure of the lipid constituent for the cell membrane appropriate to study the following. Briefly explain your answer. (Draw the structure) а. a thermophilic bacteria thriving in a hot spring b. a hepatocyte of a sea lion in the Arctic Ocean С. a frog neurocyte
- (a). Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules which have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. Explain how this feature benefits the cell. (Give ONE reason) (2) (b). Give ONE difference between a saturated phospholipid and an unsaturated phospholipid. (2)2. What are the greatest structural features that differentiate sphingolipids from phosphoglycerides?1. Draw the structure of phosphatidic acid. Circle the polar parts of the molecule and box the non-polar parts of the molecule. 2.Based on the structure why would this molecule be a major building block for glycerophospholipids that make up the cell membrane? In your answer include which part of the molecule would be inside the membrane and which one out and why. 3. What specific “effect”would drive your answer to 2?
- Phospholipids undergo saponification much like triglycerides. Draw the structure of a phospholipid meeting the followingcriteria. Then draw the products that would result from its saponification.(a) a cephalin containing stearic acid and oleic acid (b) a lecithin containing palmitic acid2. (a) The diagram below shows the structure of a lipid. i. Which type of lipid does this structure belong to? ii. Give one example of molecule made up of this type of lipid. iii. Describe the distinct roles of this type of lipid on membrane at different temperatures. Keep your answer brief. (b) The figure illustrates the structure of a lipid. CH2-O- CH-O- CH2 i. Regarding the types of fatty acids, what is the name of this type of lipid? Give the full name, not abbreviation. ii. After hydrolysis, the fatty acid chain indicated by an arrow is released. Name this fatty acid in n-system and delta (A) designation. ii. How can the fatty acid release energy in the cells?4. Draw structures for the following fatty acids: a. 16:1 or palmitoleic or 9-Hexadecanoic acid b. 18:3*2 a-linoleic acid or 9,12,15 Octadecatrienoic acid 5. Draw and name a typical triacylglycerol. 6. Explain why the flip-flop rate of phospholipids in biological membranes is far greater than in artificial lipid membranes.