4. Parkinson's disease is a disease that affects nerve communication. Explain what causes Parkinson's disease to develop and how it impacts the nervous system over time. Bonus: How can it be treated?
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- Why is it difficult to identify the cause of many nervous system disorders? The genes associated with the diseases are not known There are no obvious defects in brain structure The onset and display of symptoms varies between patients all of the aboveVisit this site (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/NYTmotor) to read about an elderly woman who starts to lose the ability to control fine movements, such as speech and the movement of limbs. Many of the usual causes were ruled out. It was not a stroke, Parkinsons disease, diabetes, or thyroid dysfunction. The next most obvious cause was medication, so her pharmacist had to be consulted. The side effect of a drug meant to help her sleep had resulted in changes in motor control. What regions of the nervous system are likely to be the focus of haloperidol side effects?Visit this site (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/neurolab) to see a virtual neurophysiology lab, and to observe electrophysiological processes in the nervous system, where scientists directly measure the electrical signals produced by neurons. Often, the action potentials occur so rapidly that watching a screen to see them occur is not helpful. A speaker is powered by the signals recorded from a neuron and it pops each time the neuron fires an action potential. These action potentials are firing so fast that it sounds like static on the radio. Electrophysiologists can recognize the patterns within that static to understand what is happening. Why is the leech model used for measuring the electrical activity of neurons instead of using humans?
- What is the target of an upper motor neuron? cerebral cortex lower motor neuron skeletal muscle thalamusThe inability to recognize people by their faces is a troublesome problem. It can be caused by trauma, or it may be inborn. Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/faces) to learn more about a person who lost the ability to recognize faces as the result of an injury. She cannot recognize the faces of close family members or herself. What other information can a person suffering from prosopagnosia use to figure out whom they are seeing?Why do many patients with neurodevelopmentaJ disorders develop secondary disorders? Their genes predispose them to schizophrenia Stimulant medications cause new behavioral disorders Behavioral therapies only improve neurodevelopmentaJ disorders Dysfunction in the brain can affect many aspects of the body.
- What function would most likely be affected by a restriction of a blood vessel in the cerebral coitex? language gait facial expressions knee-jerk reflexWatch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/3Dmovies) to learn about the side effects of 3-D movies. As discussed in this video, movies that are shot in 3-D can cause motion sickness, which elicits the autonomic symptoms of nausea and sweating. The disconnection between the perceived motion on the screen and the lack of any change in equilibrium stimulates these symptoms. Why do you think sitting close to the screen or right in the middle of the theater makes motion sickness during a 3-D movie worse?Which of the following is an incorrect pairing? norepinephrine dilates the pupil epinephrine increases blood pressure acetylcholine decreases digestion norepinephrine increases heart rate
- Which term describes a bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system? nucleus b. ganglion tract nerveMemory, emotional, language, and sensorimotor deficits together are most likely the result of what kind of damage? stroke developmental disorder whiplash gunshot woundIn the propagation of a nerve impulse: a. the refractory period begins as the K+ channel opens, allowing K+ ions to flow outward along their concentrationgradient. b. Na+ ions flow out of the axon with their concentration gradient. c. positive charges lower the membrane potential to its lowestaction potential. d. gated K+ channels open at the same time as the activationgate of Na+ channels closes. e. the depolarizing stimulus lowers the membrane potential toopen the Na+ gates.
