4. Illustrate (draw) what an action potential might look like with the following voltage-gated channels present. Briefly explain why these changes may occur. a. Normal sodium voltage-gated channel and a potassium voltage-gated channel (delayed rectifier); classic action potential as seen with the squid giant axon b. Normal sodium voltage-gated channel and an A channel (KA voltage-gated channel) C. d. Mutant sodium voltage-gated channel ONLY, where the N-terminal inactivation particle is missing Mutant sodium voltage-gated channel, where the N-terminal inactivation particle is missing, plus a potassium voltage-gated channel (delayed rectifier)

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Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.