4. Formal charge calculations (show your work!): Terminal O: #1: N: Central O C: Terminal O #2: 5. Bond polarity, show your calculation of electronegativity difference and label each bond as polar or nonpolar: N---O: C---H: C---O:
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
![4. Formal charge calculations (show your work!):
Terminal O: #1:
N:
Central O
C:
Terminal O #2:
5. Bond polarity, show your calculation of electronegativity difference and label each bond as polar or
nonpolar:
N---O:
C---H:
C---O:](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fac3ac54c-4bd3-4819-a70b-5ce97f120720%2F4a4d4f28-0c1b-4ff6-801e-2a85d50c9e37%2Fv1dkzz4_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
![Information collected:
Fireworks need a colorant (to make the pretty colors), a propellant (to shoot the firework into the sky), a
burst charge (to blow the firework apart), and an oxidizer (provides oxygen for the burst charge reaction). The
burst charge can be any of a number of available explosive chemicals. Oxidizers provide oxygen for the fuel to
burn. Common oxidizers are chlorate (CIO3¬), carbonate (CO32-), sulfate (SO42–) and nitrate (NO3¬) ions.
Usually the colorants are hot, glowing metals. In the flame test for elemental identity, compounds containing
strontium ions yield a bright red flame. Copper (II) ion flames are blue. If we mix strontium chlorate with
copper (II) chlorate, the firework will be purple! Common propellants used in fireworks contain carbon and
sulfur. The "glue" is often dextrin, a cellulosic polymer made from connected units of C6H1206.
The Problem
In a blue-burst firework, copper (II) chlorate reacts with carbon to make copper (II) chloride and carbon
dioxide.
The skeletal structure of a propellant (C6H9N3012) is shown below (dashed lines show connections
between elements).
Terminal O #2
Terminal O#1
N
Formal charge:
find formal
Atoms needing
formal charge
Central O
charge for the
indicated atoms
H---
to help find the
"best" structure;
show your work
in the provided
table.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fac3ac54c-4bd3-4819-a70b-5ce97f120720%2F4a4d4f28-0c1b-4ff6-801e-2a85d50c9e37%2Ffhhwiuq_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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