2ht=p 6. We are assuming that the average value of 1 applies to all lineages and that each pair of species shares a common ancestor. Given that, why does the formula have a factor of 2 on the left hand side? Hint: think about what happens at a divergence.

Q: Referring to the same tree above, which of the following would be a synapomorphy for the DEF clade?

A: Phylogeny Phylogeny is the study of evolutionary relationships amongst organisms and how they are…

Q: Notice that a couple of things are different from the previous charts. Firstly, the derived traits…

A: Maximum parsimony method is based upon the principle of minimum number of steps. The correct tree is…

Q: Traditionally morphological features are used to construct phylogenic trees of related species. In…

A: Evolution is a continuous process and we are still evolving. Evolution is nothing but adapting to…

Q: histidine has three pka values: pka=1.7 pk2=6.0, pka 9.1 a- for each pka, find the equilibrium…

A: Consider the acid dissociation reaction at equilibrium; HA⇌H+ + A- here 'HA' is the acid…

Q: Length of snakes can vary between 0.8m and 2.3 m long. In a large population of snakes there were…

A: A genetic trait can be determined by one or more than one genes.

Q: Below are phylogenetic trees depicting the relationships among four species, A, B, C, and D. Which…

A: A phylogenetic tree is a graphical representation of the evolution of a species from another…

Q: The “Progression Rule” of biogeography states that the oldest islands of an archipelago will host…

A: By looking at the phylogenetic  tree we can conclude at the following:-

Q: (a) DE GH C B M. A J K (b) DE B G H A J K (c) DE B GH F A K

A: Introduction :  1. Monophyletic taxon : It is defined as the taxon which only includes a group of…

Q: c- What are the differences between Rooted and Unrooted Phylogenetics trees? d- Using Unweighted…

A: Introduction Scientists use a tool called a phylogenetic tree, a kind of diagram, to point out the…

Q: Below are six faces. Each face represents a species, with Species 6 being the outgroup. Seven…

A: Species is a group of organisms which can produce fertile offsprings by reproduction.   When we…

Q: 1. Please examine the character matrix below:. Traits | $ * | 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

A: Evolution means change. It is the study of origin of life.  A phylogenetic tree is used to depict…

Q: If the distance between A and D and their last common ancestor (LCA) is 4 and the distance between B…

A: UPGMA is unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean.

Q: Which of the following would be a good outgroup fTor someone wanting to study rectangle creatures?

A: Outgroup : It is a lineage that falls outside the clade being studied but is closely related to that…

Q: Identify the outgroup from the phylogenetic trees and box/mark the whole lineage in red. Identify…

A: Introduction  The diagrammatic representation of the evolutionary link between organisms is the…

Q: Different species of a sexually-reproducing fish exist in different ploidies in streams in the…

A: Chromosomes are structures that look like a thread and are present inside the nucleus. Each of the…

Q: What general term describes any character state that is modified relative to an ancestor?    1…

A: Correct Answer:  Derived State Derived State is also known as Apomorphy. It involves characters that…

Q: a- What is Phylogenetics? b- What are the types of Phylogenetics trees? c- What are the differences…

A: Introduction In Biology, Genetics Is A Branch That Studies Genes, Genetic Diversity, And Heredity In…

Q: Given the phylogenetic tree shown below, which of the following two species (A-F) most recently…

A: Phylogeny is described as a relationship of organisms that have descended from a common ancestor,…

Q: Suppose species 1, 2, and 3 are endemic to a group of islands (such as the Galápagos) and are all…

A: In biology, it's imperative to know how distinctive species are related to each other so we will…

Q: Species A, B, and C are related according to the phylogeny below (A,(B,C)).  Species A and C…

A: Mutations are alternations in the genetic material of an organism. They can occur either naturally…

Q: What is the 50-500 rule? What does each of these numbers represent? With what mechanism of…

A: A population is a collection of individuals of the same species that live with each other in a…

Q: In the phylogenetic tree below, character 3 is a: 44+B 1 5 3 C O Ancestral trait O Uniquely derived…

A: Introduction :- Phylogenetic trees represent hypotheses regarding a set of organisms' evolutionary…

Q: Species A was recently discovered and its DNA sequence was compared to the DNA of the four…

A: DNA sequencing is the way toward deciding the nucleic acid arrangement – the request for nucleotides…

Q: You become interested in monarch butterfly conservation and begin investigating milkweeds (genus…

A: The initial stage in the construction of a phylogenetic tree involves the meticulous analysis of DNA…

Q: Below is an aligned DNA sequence dataset for three species and their outgroup. Draw the maximum…

A:

Q: Based on your analysis of the following graph and accompanying cladogram (species have been assigned…

A: A cladogram is a diagram that shows the relationship between species. It shows the evolution of…

Q: Species A, B, and C are related according to the phylogeny below (A,(B,C)).  Species A and C…

A: Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationships of a group of organisms, often depicted in…

Q: Sketch the pH speciation diagram for asparagine for the range of 1 < pH < 12, annotate with the…

A: Asparagine is aliphatic, polar uncharged amino acid with carboxamide in its side chain. It is…

Q: Indicate the order in which the following steps would take place to result in Sympatric Speciation…

A:

Q: What is a major problem with morphologically-based analysis of whale placement in a phylogenetic…

A: Using anatomical features, morphological phylogeny infers evolutionary trees. Node: A branching…

Q: Imagine that researchers are studying 2 populations of a hypothetical flowering plant, Darwinius…

A: A species taxon, according to the Biological Species Concept, is a collection of creatures that may…

Q: Do all the phylogenetic trees below represent the same relationships (same topology)? If not, circle…

A: The phylogeny depicts the evolutionary relationship between taxons present in the phylogeny.

Q: Make your molecular phylogony of the 6 mushroom species with given character matrix.

A: Molecular phylogeny It is the branch of phylogeny that examines genetic, hereditary molecular…

Q: 0.050 B. okuhidensis JCM 10945 (AB047684) B. halodurans ATCC 27557 (AB021187) -B.…

A: Phylogenetic tree can be defined as a diagram which represents the evolutionary relationship among…

Genetic Evolution

Sexual reproduction produces distinct population variations. Heredity determines the traits and qualities to be passed down to the progeny. Over time, this variation within-species is also affected by the process of human evolution. The study of how genetic variation leads to evolutionary changes is known as genetic evolution. If a trait helps an organism to survive and reproduce, it is more likely to be passed down the generations. It is rare that such traits result in a completely distinct set of traits in descendants than the ancestral population; this can result in the emergence of a new species.