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2. Primates have evolved across the continents over the last 70-80 MY. Let's consider the species that are in the tree from problem 1. To learn more about their phylogenetic relationships, we can use DNA sequences. Because DNA evolves at a relatively steady rate, gene sequences in two different organisms will accumulate sequence changes. The longer ago their common ancestor was, the more different their sequences will be. However, some genes are under more selection and so will evolve more slowly. Other genes are under less selection and so evolve quite quickly. Assuming that sites change linearly with time, we can calculate how many sites differ when comparing genes between different species. For simplicity we'll assume we are comparing 1000 bp of sequence for each gene. Species compared # of sites that differ when comparing sequences of 2 species Elongation Mitochondrial factor la ND2 172 400 580 750 750 Human vs gorilla Human vs gibbon Human vs mandrill Human vs capuchin Human vs tarsier a. Why do the three genes differ in the number of variable sites between different species? 0 1 1 Short wavelength opsin 17 40 58 86 138 2 3 b. Why would the elongation factor la gene do a poor job of determining the relationships of these primates? c. Why would the ND2 gene do a poor job of determining primate relationships? d. Why is the short wavelength sensitive opsin gene just right in this case?

2. Primates have evolved across the continents over the last 70-80 MY. Let's consider the species that are in the tree from problem 1. To learn more about their phylogenetic relationships, we can use DNA sequences. Because DNA evolves at a relatively steady rate, gene sequences in two different organisms will accumulate sequence changes. The longer ago their common ancestor was, the more different their sequences will be. However, some genes are under more selection and so will evolve more slowly. Other genes are under less selection and so evolve quite quickly. Assuming that sites change linearly with time, we can calculate how many sites differ when comparing genes between different species. For simplicity we'll assume we are comparing 1000 bp of sequence for each gene. Species compared # of sites that differ when comparing sequences of 2 species Elongation Mitochondrial factor la ND2 172 400 580 750 750 Human vs gorilla Human vs gibbon Human vs mandrill Human vs capuchin Human vs tarsier a. Why do the three genes differ in the number of variable sites between different species? 0 1 1 Short wavelength opsin 17 40 58 86 138 2 3 b. Why would the elongation factor la gene do a poor job of determining the relationships of these primates? c. Why would the ND2 gene do a poor job of determining primate relationships? d. Why is the short wavelength sensitive opsin gene just right in this case?

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
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Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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2. Primates have evolved across the continents over the last 70-80 MY. Let's consider the species that are in the tree from problem 1. To learn more about their phylogenetic relationships, we can use DNA sequences. Because DNA evolves at a relatively steady rate, gene sequences in two different organisms will accumulate sequence changes. The longer ago their common ancestor was, the more different their sequences will be. However, some genes are under more selection and so will evolve more slowly. Other genes are under less selection and so evolve quite quickly. Assuming that sites change lin early with time, we can calculate how many sites differ when comparing genes between different species. For simplicity we'll assume we are comparing 1000 bp of sequence for each gene. Species compared Human vs gorilla Human vs gibbon Human vs mandrill # of sites that differ when comparing sequences of 2 species Mitochondrial Elongation factor la ND2 172 400 580 750 750 0 1 1 Short wavelength opsin 2 3 17 40 58 86 138 Human vs capuchin Human vs tarsier a. Why do the three genes differ in the number of variable sites between different species? b. Why would the elongation factor la gene do a poor job of determining the relationships of these primates? c. Why would the ND2 gene do a poor job of determining primate relationships? d. Why is the short wavelength sensitive opsin gene just right in this case?
Transcribed Image Text:2. Primates have evolved across the continents over the last 70-80 MY. Let's consider the species that are in the tree from problem 1. To learn more about their phylogenetic relationships, we can use DNA sequences. Because DNA evolves at a relatively steady rate, gene sequences in two different organisms will accumulate sequence changes. The longer ago their common ancestor was, the more different their sequences will be. However, some genes are under more selection and so will evolve more slowly. Other genes are under less selection and so evolve quite quickly. Assuming that sites change lin early with time, we can calculate how many sites differ when comparing genes between different species. For simplicity we'll assume we are comparing 1000 bp of sequence for each gene. Species compared Human vs gorilla Human vs gibbon Human vs mandrill # of sites that differ when comparing sequences of 2 species Mitochondrial Elongation factor la ND2 172 400 580 750 750 0 1 1 Short wavelength opsin 2 3 17 40 58 86 138 Human vs capuchin Human vs tarsier a. Why do the three genes differ in the number of variable sites between different species? b. Why would the elongation factor la gene do a poor job of determining the relationships of these primates? c. Why would the ND2 gene do a poor job of determining primate relationships? d. Why is the short wavelength sensitive opsin gene just right in this case?
1. We typically use molecular data (DNA sequences, amino acid sequences) to determine the phylogenetic relationships between different organisms. We then map onto that phylogeny the traits that the terminal taxa have and infer WHEN those traits arose. The table gives data for the presence (1) or absence (0) of traits found in primates. Traits Tarsier New World monkeys Old World monkeys 98 Gibbons Orangutans Great apes Anthropoids Late Cretaceous Apes 65 56 Paleocene Eocene Oligocene a. List the character states for the terminal nodes of the tree. Then MARK where on the tree those traits most likely arose. Opposable to es 1 1 34 1 1 1 1 Tarsiers New World monkeys Old World monkeys Gibbons Orangutans African apes and humans Miocene Opposable thumb Prehensile tail Appendix 0 0 0 1 1 1 5.3 2.6 0 1 1 1 1 1 LPleistocene -Pliocene 0 1 1 0 0 0 b. What are you assuming when you infer the node when the trait evolved?
Transcribed Image Text:1. We typically use molecular data (DNA sequences, amino acid sequences) to determine the phylogenetic relationships between different organisms. We then map onto that phylogeny the traits that the terminal taxa have and infer WHEN those traits arose. The table gives data for the presence (1) or absence (0) of traits found in primates. Traits Tarsier New World monkeys Old World monkeys 98 Gibbons Orangutans Great apes Anthropoids Late Cretaceous Apes 65 56 Paleocene Eocene Oligocene a. List the character states for the terminal nodes of the tree. Then MARK where on the tree those traits most likely arose. Opposable to es 1 1 34 1 1 1 1 Tarsiers New World monkeys Old World monkeys Gibbons Orangutans African apes and humans Miocene Opposable thumb Prehensile tail Appendix 0 0 0 1 1 1 5.3 2.6 0 1 1 1 1 1 LPleistocene -Pliocene 0 1 1 0 0 0 b. What are you assuming when you infer the node when the trait evolved?
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