*15. An RC filter stage (R = 33 N, C = 120 µF) is used to filter a signal of 24 V de with 2 V rms operating from a full-wave rectifier. Calculate the percentage ripple at the output of the RC sec- tion for a 100-mA load. Also calculate the ripple of the filtered signal applied to the RC stage. *16. A simple capacitor filter has an input of 40 V dc. If this voltage is fed through an RC filter sec- n (R = 50 N, C = 40 µF), what is the load current for a load resistance of 500 N?

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KVL and KCL

KVL stands for Kirchhoff voltage law. KVL states that the total voltage drops around the loop in any closed electric circuit is equal to the sum of total voltage drop in the same closed loop.

Sign Convention

Science and technology incorporate some ideas and techniques of their own to understand a system skilfully and easily. These techniques are called conventions. For example: Sign conventions of mirrors are used to understand the phenomenon of reflection and refraction in an easier way.