14. A ray of light (in air) enters a thick plate of glass of refractive index n=1.58 at an angle ofincidence of 45°. Calculate the angle of refraction of the ray at the upper surface.-dN15. The rate at which radioactive nuclides decay is given by,dt= 2N. Show that N = Noe-At%3D16. cdecays by ß-emission and after 12.0 h, ninety percent of the radioactive substanceremains. Calculate the decay constant of this substance.

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Answered: 14. A ray of light (in air) enters a…

College Physics

1st Edition

ISBN:9781938168000

Author:Paul Peter Urone, Roger Hinrichs

Publisher:Paul Peter Urone, Roger Hinrichs

Chapter32: Medical Applications Of Nuclear Physics

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1PE: A neutron generator uses an (source, such as radium, to bombard beryllium, inducing the reaction...

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One half the rays from 99mTcare absorbed by a 0.170-mm-thicklead shielding. Half of the y rays that pass through the first layer of lead are absorbed in a second layer of equal thickness. What thickness of lead will absorb all but one in 1000 of these rays?
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How can treating food with ionizing radiation help keep it from spoiling? UV is not very penetrating. What else could be used?
a. A certain radioactive material follows the law ofexponential change and has a half-life of 38hours. Find how long it takes for 90% of theradioactivity to be dissipated? b. A thermometer reading 75o F is taken outwhere the temperature is 20oF. The reading is30oF 4 minutes later. Find the thermometerreading 7 minutes after the thermometer wasbrought outside. c. An inductance of 2 henries and a resistance of20 ohms are connected in series with an emfof E volts. If the current is zero at time, t = 0,find the current at the end of 0.01 sec if E =100sin150t volts. d. A tank originally contains 380 liters of brineholding 450 g of dissolved salt. 8 liters/min ofbrine containing 3.75 g/L of salt enters the tankand the mixture assumed uniform leaves therate of 12 L/min. Determine the amount of saltafter 10 min.
The following areapplications of x-ray except:A. Imaging bonesB. Determination of cracks and flawsC. Radioactive datingD. All of them
5. A beam of 1 mA protons of kinetic energy of 800 MeV passes through a 1 cem³ copper cube. Compute the maximum energy deposited per second in the copper. Assume the cube to be thermally insulated, and compute the temperature rise per second.
3. The HVL of a Co-60 is approximately 9mm of lead. What is the approximate x=7cm = 70 transmission factor for a 7cm block of lead? What is the linear attenuation = 9mm coefficient of lead in this Co-60 beam? m %rtif
2. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using lodine-123 is widely used for the study of thyroid diseases. The physical half-life if I-123 is approximately 13.2 hours, ideal for the 24- hour iodine uptake test, where measurement of thyroid uptake is performed approximately 24 hours after the radiopharmaceutical is administered orally. Assume an administered dose of 10 MBq and accumulates mostly in the thyroid gland where it emits gamma rays with a predominant energy of 159 keV. (a) Assuming that only 25% of the emitted photons are actually absorbed in the thyroid gland, calculate the absorbed dose rate in the thyroid immediately after the radiopharmaceutical is administered. Assume that the thyroid gland weighs 20 grams in adult males, although this varies significantly with various factors. (b) If we ignore the decay of the source, what would be the total absorbed dose during the 24- hour uptake period leading up to the SPECT scan? (c) Using the result from (b) and…
6
12. A beam of 3-MeV photons with intensity 108 cm-2s-1 irradiates a small sample of water. (a) How many photon-water interactions occur in one second in one cm³ of the water? (b) How many positrons are produced per second in one cm3 of the water?
Construct Your Own Problem Consider the decay of radioactive substances in the Earth's interior. The energy emitted is converted to thermal energy that reaches the earth's surface and is radiated away into cold dark space. Construct a problem in which you estimate the activity in a cubic meter of earth rock? And then calculate the power generated. Calculate how much power must cross each square meter of the Earth’s surface if the power is dissipated at the same rate as it is generated. Among the things to consider are the activity per cubic meter, the energy per decay, and the size of the Earth.

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