1. Summarize the primary source document by giving a few sentences saying what it is and where it came from, and then writing a paragraph or two that describes what is says. 2. Analyze the source by stating your own informed opinion, about what the source means in its context and you should talk about each source in the context of the history we are studying—that it, in its own time and place—rather than comparing it to modern events, people, orinstitutions. to manumit five (because he may free up to half that number), whiie the owner of twelve should not beallowed to manumit more than four.(46) [When a will manumits more slaves than permitted by the law:] If a will requests freedom to begiven to slaves whose names are written in a circle, then because it is impossible to establish any rankingby which some have a greater right to manumission than others, none of them may be set free. This isbecause the Lex Fufia Caninia makes void any act intended to cheat the objectives of that law. There arealso a number of particular Senate Recommendations which make void tricks contrived to evade the law.(47) In conclusion, it should be noted that the Lex Aelia Sentia forbids manumissions made in order todefraud creditors, and this was extended to foreigners as well, by a decision of the Senate proposed byHadrian; but the other provisions of this law do not apply to foreigners.Types of Dependence(48) We now come to a second distinction made by the law of persons. Some persons are independentagents (sui juris) and some are dependent on the rights of another (alieni juris).(49) Furthermore, some of those who are in a condition of dependence are in another's power (potestas),some in their hands (manus) and some in their ownership (mancipium).(50) Let us now look at persons who are in a position of dependence; for when we have established whatsort of people these are, we shall be able to see who are independent agents.(51) And first let us consider those who are in another's power.(52) Slaves are in the power of their owners. This power is derived from the common law of nations, forwe can see that among all nations alike owners have the power of life and death over their slaves, andwhatever is acquired by a slave is acquired on behalf of his owner.(53) But nowadays neither Roman citizens nor any other people who are subject to the sovereignty of theRoman People have the right to treat their slaves with excessive and unreasonable brutality. For aConstitution of the Divine Emperor Antoninus orders anyone who kills his own slave without due reasonto be brought to justice in exactly the same way as one who kills another's slave. Excessively harshtreatment on the part of owners is also limited by a Constitution of the same Emperor; for when certainprovincial governors asked him for a ruling regarding slaves who had taken refuge at the temples of godsor statues of emperors, he declared that owners were to be forced to sell their slaves if the cruelty of theirbehavior appeared to be unbearable. In both cases he ruled justly, for we ought not to misuse our rights -that is the ground for interdicting those who waste their own property from administering it.(54) Now since there are two kinds of ownership among Roman citizens-slaves may belong to theirowners by possession, by Quiritary right, or by both we say that a slave is in the power of an owner whohas possession over him, even though he may not belong to the same man by Quiritary right. Forsomeone who simply has the title to Quiritary ownership of a slave cannot be said to have power overhim.(55) Similarly, in our power are those of our children who are begotten in a recognized marriage; this is acustom peculiar to Roman citizens.

Introduction: This document illustrates the power of Roman law by demonstrating how it regulated the…

1. Summarize the primary source document by giving a few sentences saying what it is and where it came from, and then writing a paragraph or two that describes what is says. 2. Analyze the source by stating your own informed opinion, about what the source means in its context and you should talk about each source in the context of the history we are studying— that it, in its own time and place—rather than comparing it to modern events, people, or institutions.

1. Summarize the primary source document by giving a few sentences saying what it is and where it came from, and then writing a paragraph or two that describes what is says. 2. Analyze the source by stating your own informed opinion, about what the source means in its context and you should talk about each source in the context of the history we are studying— that it, in its own time and place—rather than comparing it to modern events, people, or institutions.