1. Shown below are figures of the closed and open structures of the voltage gated potassium channel protein in the cell membrane of a neuronal cell. Extracellular CLOSED Extracellular OPEN Cytosol Region A Cytosol Region A Region A of the channel protein functions as a paddle. The paddles move up and down, opening and closing the central pore through which potassium ions flow. The resting membrane potential of a neuronal cell is -70mV. Action potential +40 The action potential graph is shown on the right, at what point in the graph or when would voltage gated potassium channels be closed and when would they be open? Choose from Resting, depolarization, repolarization or refractory period. Describe briefly. a. Threshold -55 Failed initiations Resting state -70 Stimulus ↑ Refractory period b. Would potassium ions move in or out of the cell when the voltage gated potassium channels are open? 2 3 4 Time (ms) What kind/type of amino acids would be present in region A of the voltage gated potassium channel protein and how would these amino acids (acidic/basic/nonpolar) help in "voltage- sensing" of the voltage gated potassium channel protein during an action potential? Explain briefly why the region A or paddles move to result in the closing and opening of the pore of the channel protein during the action potential. C. Voltage (mV) Depolarization Repolarization

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Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.