1. Markets and competition Identical products, as well as a large number of buyers and sellers, are characteristics of a sellers of goods influence the prevailing market price, giving them the role of price market. In such markets, in the market. True or False: The market for public utilities, such as gas and electricity, exhibits the two primary characteristics that define perfectly competitive markets. True False
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- 1. In social welfare economics, what is the definition of social efficiency? 2. Image (A) below depicts social welfare in a market with a monopolistic seller. Is this market socially efficient? Why or why not? 3. Image (B) below depicts social welfare in a market with a monopolistic seller who is allowed to price discriminate (i.e. charge different prices to different consumers for the exact same good). Is this market socially efficient? Why or why not? Is it equitable? Why or why not? 4. What is meant by the equity-efficiency tradeoff in social welfare economics? Price P₁ P₁ Consumer Surplus Transfer Producer Surplus Deadweight B Loss A Qu A C с MC Demand Quantity Price PE Producer Surplus E B Q₁ MC Demand QuantitySo, which of these options are true about the number of sellers in your market - the market for corn? Kim There are many sellers (and, of course, many buyers). James That's correct. Corn is a product produced globally. There are thousands, if not hundreds of thousands, of individual farmers. Нарру Economics Mentor Is the corn that you produce different from your competitors? What kind of product do you sell? Kim Differences exist (heterogeneous) Undifferentiated (homogeneous)1. There are two brands of cigarettes X, Y. The demand for each is as follows: Qx = 80 - 2p Qy = 60 - 0.5p Assume that the marginal cost of producing cigarette X is $10, the marginal cost of producing cigarette Y is $8, and that the market for both cigarettes is perfectly competitive. Assume that each pack of cigarette X smoked does $5 worth of health damage to the smoker, and a total of $4 worth of health damage to the smoker’s neighbors via second-hand smoke. Each pack of cigarette Y smoked does $6 worth of health damage to the smoker, and $5 health damage to the smoker’s neighbors. (a) Explain why the public supply curves differ from the private supply curves, and how this represents the externality from second-hand smoke. Highlight the area(s) of your diagram that represents a social loss. (b) Calculate the social loss for both. (c) Suppose the government decides to pursue a Pigouvian solution to eliminate social loss. What's amount of tax or subsidy would the government…
- 1. There are two brands of cigarettes X, Y. The demand for each is as follows: Qx = 80 - 2p Qy = 60 - 0.5p Assume that the marginal cost of producing cigarette X is $10, the marginal cost of producing cigarette Y is $8, and that the market for both cigarettes is perfectly competitive. Assume that each pack of cigarette X smoked does $5 worth of health damage to the smoker, and a total of $4 worth of health damage to the smoker’s neighbors via second-hand smoke. Each pack of cigarette Y smoked does $6 worth of health damage to the smoker, and $5 health damage to the smoker’s neighbors. (a) Plot the private demand curve and private supply curve for both cigarettes on separate axes. (b) What is the privately efficient quantity demand of both cigarettes? (c) Add the public supply curves to the graphs you plot in (a). (d) What is the socially efficient quantity demand of both cigarettes?1. Characteristics of competitive markets The model of competitive markets relies on these three core assumptions: 1. There must be many buyers and sellers-a few players can't dominate the market. 2. Firms must produce an identical product-buyers must regard all sellers' products as equivalent. 3. Firms and resources must be fully mobile, allowing free entry into and exit from the industry. The first two conditions imply that all consumers and firms are price takers. While the third is not necessary for price-taking behavior, assume for this problem that a market cannot maintain competition in the long run without free entry. Identify whether or not each of the following scenarios describes a competitive market, along with the correct explanation of why or why not. Scenario There are hundreds of colleges that serve millions of students each year. The colleges vary by location, size, and educational quality, which enables students with diverse preferences to find schools that match…2. There are two brands of cigarettes X, Y. The demand for each is as follows: Qx = 80 – 2p Qy = 60 – 0.5p Assume that the marginal cost of producing cigarette X is $10, the marginal cost of producing cigarette Y is $8, and that the market for both cigarettes is perfectly competitive. Assume that each pack of cigarette X smoked does $5 worth of health damage to the smoker, and a total of $4 worth of health damage to the smoker's neighbors via second-hand smoke. Each pack of cigarette Y smoked does $6 worth of health damage to the smoker, and $5 health damage to the smoker's neighbors. (a) Plot the private demand curve and private supply curve for both cigarettes on separate axes. (b) What is the privately efficient quantity demand of both cigarettes? (c) Add the public supply curves to the graphs you plot in (a). (d) What is the socially efficient quantity demand of both cigarettes?
- 2. Market structures For each of the following scenarios, identify the number of firms present, the type of product, and the appropriate market model. Select the matching entry for each dropdown box in the following table. Scenario There are hundreds of colleges and universities that serve millions of college students each year. The colleges vary by location, size, and educational quality, which allows students with diverse preferences to find schools that match their needs. Dozens of companies produce plain white socks. Consumers regard plain white socks as identical and don't care about who sells them their socks. The technology for producing socks is widely known, and any reputable person who wanted to start a sock manufacturing business could obtain a loan from a bank to buy the necessary machinery. In a small town, there are four providers of broadband Internet access: a cable company, the phone company, and two satellite companies. The Internet access offered by all four…1. Rio live in a town with 300 adults and 200 children, and he is thinking about putting on a play to entertain your neighbors and make some money. A play has a fixed cost of $2,000 except all cost like maintenance costs until two years, but selling an extra ticket has zero marginal cost. Here are the demand schedules for his two types of customer: Price Adults Children $10 9 100 8 200 7 300 6 300 300 100 4 300 200 300 200 300 200 1 300 200 300 200 a. To maximize profit, what price would he charge for an adult ticket? For a child's ticket? How much the profit? (Hint: total cost for this year include fixed cost) b. Suppose in this year, the city council passes a law prohibiting him from charging different prices to different customers. What price does he set for a ticket now? How much profit now? (Hint: when quantity of produced yield maximum revenue or the sum of these both revenues sastify)1. Rio live in a town with 300 adults and 200 children, and he is thinking about putting on a play to entertain your neighbors and make some money. A play has a fixed cost of $2,000 except all cost like maintenance costs until two years, but selling an extra ticket has zero marginal cost. Here are the demand schedules for his two types of customer: Price Adults Children $10 9. 100 8 200 7 300 300 300 100 4 300 200 300 200 300 200 1 300 200 300 200 c. Suppose next year government imposes tax equals $4 for selling an every extra ticket, what price would he charge for an adult ticket? For a child's ticket? How much the profit? Assume the law prohibiting him from charging different prices to different customers doesn't exist. (Hint: fixed cost doesn't include)
- 1. TopGames buys the rights to sell a certain video game title worldwide. top games pay $400,000 for this right and the marginal cost of providing the video game download is zero. TopGames’ economist realizes they have two groups of customers: the 2,000 hard-core fans of this game who will pay up to $150 a year to be able to play this game; and the 10,000 casual gamers who will pay up to $50 a year to play this game. If TopGames can NOT price discriminate, what is its profit-maximizing price? What is its profit? a. Price = $50; Profit = negative $100,000 b. Price = $50; Profit = $300,000 c. Price = $150; Profit = $100,000 d. Price = $150; Profit = $500,0002. TopGames buys the rights to sell a certain video game title worldwide. top games pay $400,000 for this right and the marginal cost of providing the video game download is zero. TopGames’ economist realizes they have two groups of customers: the 2,000 hard-core fans of this game who will pay up to $150 a year to be able to play this…4. Firm A and firm B must decide whether to sell product X at a sales or a regular price. If both firms sell the product at a sales price, both firms earn a profit of 5. If both firms sell the product at the regular price, each firm earns a profit of 20. If firm B charges the regular price while firm A charges the sales price, firm A earns a profit of 60 while firm B has a loss of 15. If firm A charges the regular price while firm B charges a sales price, firm B earns a profit of 60 while firm A has a loss of 15. (a) Use the information to construct a payoff matrix for firms A and B. (b) Does firm A have a dominant strategy? (c) Does firm B have a dominant strategy? (d) What is the Nash Equilibrium for this game? Explain your answers.1. Suppose that the demand for broccoli is given by QD = 2,400 - 5P, and the supply, by QS = 5P -100.Compute the industry equilibrium output and price. Show your logic and work.Graph the equilibrium below. Label the axes and the values of the intercepts and the equilibrium.Indicate the area that represents consumers’ surplus and compute it. Show your work.Indicate the area that represents producers’ surplus and compute it. Show your work.
