1. If a single axon is firing at maximum frequency, how does the nervous system know if the stimulus increases further? 2. At maximal stimulation, much above the threshold, how long will it be until an axon fires the next AP? a.The absolute refractory period b.The relative refractory period c.The absolute and relative refractory periods On what part of the neuron are NT receptors typically located? If the activated NT receptors cause channels to open or change thus changing the diffusion of ions, what type of potential will this initially produce A. Resting B. Graded, C.Action, D.Homeostatic

1. If a single axon is firing at maximum frequency, how does the nervous system know if the stimulus increases further? 2. At maximal stimulation, much above the threshold, how long will it be until an axon fires the next AP? a.The absolute refractory period b.The relative refractory period c.The absolute and relative refractory periods On what part of the neuron are NT receptors typically located? If the activated NT receptors cause channels to open or change thus changing the diffusion of ions, what type of potential will this initially produce A. Resting B. Graded, C.Action, D.Homeostatic

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter39: Information Flow And The Neuron

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 6TYK: In the propagation of a nerve impulse: a. the refractory period begins as the K+ channel opens,...

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Which of the following does not contribute to propagation of action potentials? a. As the area outside the membrane becomes negative, itattracts ions from adjacent regions; as the inside of the membrane becomes positive, it attracts negative ions from nearby in the cytoplasm. These events depolarize nearby regions of the axon membrane. b. The refractory period allows the impulse to travel in only one direction. c. Each segment of the axon prevents the adjacent segments from firing. d. The magnitude of the action potential stays the same as it travels down the axon. e. Up to a limit, increasing the intensity of the stimulus increases the number of action potentials.
1. Protein anions have a charge. However, they do not move across the membrane to produce changes in RMP. Why? 2. At the molecular level, what causes the absolute refractory period? 3. At the molecular level, what is different during the relative refractory period? 4. What would happen if Na+ channels opened and stayed open? 5. How is stimulus intensity coded in APs? 6. What effect does AP frequency have on NT release?
T O b. Regulate the flow of somatosensory information to the brain O c. Enhance the antigravity reflexes of spinal cord and help in standing posture O d. Liberate the antigravity muscles from the reflex control of the spinal cord QUESTION 14 What is the function of the presynaptic "autoreceptors" in axon terminals? a. To release substances into the blood Ob. To detect transmitter concentrations in the cleft Oc. To release neurotransmitters into extracellular fluid Od. To release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine esc QUESTION 15 What distinguishes the ANS from the somatic motor system? a. The ANS excites its peripheral targets. Ob. The ANS balances synaptic excitation and inhibition. c. The ANS has a single function. Od. The ANS constitutes total neural output. Click Save and Submit to save and submit. Click Save All Answers to save all answers. Type here to search f1 7 ? f2 C f3 # 3 A O +&+ 4 10 f5 % LO 5 f6 D 10 A 6 f7 & 7
8. Use diagram 136 to answer the next question. If the axon of the neuron X is stimulated at threshold level Fig 136 Dendrite Axon Neuron Neuron Neuron 个 Symapse Synapse メ a. Neuron W will also be stimulated b. Neurons W and Y will both be stimulated c. Acetylcholine will move across synapse 2 d. Acetylcholine will move across synapse 1 and 2
Which type of synapse is better suited for vision and hearing, and why?A. Metabotropic synapses because they produce quick, brief effectsB. Metabotropic synapses because they produce longerlasting effectsC. Ionotropic synapses because they produce quick, brief effectsD. Ionotropic synapses because they produce longerlasting effects
7. Anodal Break excitation. Starting with the default parameter values, set "Sweep Duration" to 10 msec. Now decrease the "Stimulus 1 Amplitude” until it reaches-225 μA. An action potential is evoked by the hyperpolarizing stimulus! This phenomenon is called anode break excitation. Can you explain why a hyperpolarizing stimulus evokes an action potential? 8. Spreading Depression. Starting with the default parameter values, set "Stimulus 1 Amplitude" to 0 and "Sweep Duration" to 20 ms. Now slowly raise the "K+ equilibrium potential" to more and more positive values. As the K+ equilibrium potential is raised, you will observe the following sequence of events. The membrane potential depolarizes. Spontaneous action potentials are generated. The frequency of the action potentials increases. The amplitude of the action potentials diminishes. The action potentials die out as the membrane potential continues to depolarize. The same sequence of events occurs during spreading depression episodes…
15. The diagram below illustrates the reflex pathway involved in the dilation (expansion) and contraction (shrinking) of pupils in the eye in response to changes in light intensity. Iris muscle οι οποίο Eye J K L M Neuron Y Optic nerve A person exits a darkened shopping centre and into high-intensity sunlight. Which of the following combinations correctly identifies neurons X and Y and the response to the change in light intensity? Neuron X Motor Sensory Motor Sensory Neuron X Brain Neuron Y Sensory Motor Sensory Motor Response Pupil dilates Pupil dilates Pupil contracts Pupil contacts
1. Use the response of a pain receptor stimulated by a strong acid to illustrate the law of specifc nerve energies. 2a. Describe how the intensity of stimulation is encoded by a receptor, such as a hair cell. 2b. Contrast that with how the intensity of stimulation is encoded by the associated somatosensory neuron.
Part II. The parts of an action potential. The following is a diagram of an action potential in a neuron. | +40 Voltage (mV) -55 -70 Threshold 0 a. b. C. Stimulus 1 Action potential Depolarization Repolarization Failed initiations 2 3 Time (ms) Resting state Refractory period Between the stars, what would be the gating mechanism of the sodium channels if this was an olfactory receptor cell? Between the star and smiley, what types of channels are opening, AND what is their gating mechanism? Between the smiley and heart, gated channels open. gated channels close and
5. Please place the boxes according to cell received stimulus and cell returns to resting potential thanks
What event triggers an action potential?a. Opening of sodium channelsb. Opening of delayed potassium channelsc. High concentration of negative ions outside the celld. Activation of the sodium–potassium pump5. Ordinarily, a neuron’s trigger zone is activated b
1. signal will move faster along axon with a ______ diameter. Size? 2. Compare and contrast absolute refractory period and relative refratory period.