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1. Glycolysis can be summarized as a 6-carbon structure becoming two 3-carbon structures. To really understand what is going on, follow the carbons! C. H HO CH₂-OH ·0 H OH H H L OH H OH Glucose a. This figure summarizes the overall process of glycolysis with the carbon atoms labeled in corresponding colors. Draw out the structures for glucose-6-phosphate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and the products from the aldolase and triose phosphate isomerase reactions and pyruvate with numbered carbons. ATP ADP Mg2+ hexokinase 6 b. How does the glycolysis reaction move forward with dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosephate (G3P or GAP) since the isomerization reaction is reversible? How is glucose kept inside the cell, against a concentration gradient? d. In the preparatory phase, both of the reactions in step 1 and step 3 require ATP. Why is step 3 the first committed step in glycolysis? Stated another way, why is fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is committed to become pyruvate and yield energy? Step 1 HOT 5 H H K HO 3 CH₂-OPO3 HO OH H 0 H CH₂OH H L OH 2 OH Glucose 6-phosphate AG'° -16.7 kJ/mol HO Glucose + 2 NAD+ CH₂OPO H + 2 Pi OH + 2 ADP H НО 3 1 H CH₂-OH OH 2 4 OH Fructose 6-phosphate Step 3 ATP ADP Mg2+ phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) CH₂OPO H 0+ 2 NADH CH3 Pyruvate H O + 2 ATP HO + 2 H₂O CH₂-OPO VOH 4 3 OH H Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate AG'O-14.2 kJ/mol

1. Glycolysis can be summarized as a 6-carbon structure becoming two 3-carbon structures. To really understand what is going on, follow the carbons! C. H HO CH₂-OH ·0 H OH H H L OH H OH Glucose a. This figure summarizes the overall process of glycolysis with the carbon atoms labeled in corresponding colors. Draw out the structures for glucose-6-phosphate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and the products from the aldolase and triose phosphate isomerase reactions and pyruvate with numbered carbons. ATP ADP Mg2+ hexokinase 6 b. How does the glycolysis reaction move forward with dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosephate (G3P or GAP) since the isomerization reaction is reversible? How is glucose kept inside the cell, against a concentration gradient? d. In the preparatory phase, both of the reactions in step 1 and step 3 require ATP. Why is step 3 the first committed step in glycolysis? Stated another way, why is fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is committed to become pyruvate and yield energy? Step 1 HOT 5 H H K HO 3 CH₂-OPO3 HO OH H 0 H CH₂OH H L OH 2 OH Glucose 6-phosphate AG'° -16.7 kJ/mol HO Glucose + 2 NAD+ CH₂OPO H + 2 Pi OH + 2 ADP H НО 3 1 H CH₂-OH OH 2 4 OH Fructose 6-phosphate Step 3 ATP ADP Mg2+ phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) CH₂OPO H 0+ 2 NADH CH3 Pyruvate H O + 2 ATP HO + 2 H₂O CH₂-OPO VOH 4 3 OH H Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate AG'O-14.2 kJ/mol

Biochemistry
Biochemistry
9th Edition
ISBN:9781319114671
Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.
Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.
Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1P
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**Glycolysis Educational Overview** 1. **Glycolysis Overview**: Glycolysis can be summarized as a 6-carbon structure becoming two 3-carbon structures. To truly understand what is going on, follow the carbons! - This figure summarizes the overall process of glycolysis with the carbon atoms labeled in corresponding colors. Draw out the structures for glucose-6-phosphate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, and the products from the aldolase and triose phosphate isomerase reactions, and pyruvate with numbered carbons. 2. **Key Questions**: - **b. Reversible Reactions**: How does the glycolysis reaction move forward with dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P or GAP) since the isomerization reaction is reversible? - **c. Glucose Retention**: How is glucose kept inside the cell, against a concentration gradient? - **d. Committed Step in Glycolysis**: In the preparatory phase, both reactions in step 1 and step 3 require ATP. Why is step 3 the first committed step in glycolysis? Stated another way, why is fructose 1,6-bisphosphate committed to become pyruvate and yield energy? 3. **Diagrams**: - **Step 1**: - The conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate using hexokinase. This reaction requires ATP and involves the addition of a phosphate group to the sixth carbon of glucose, producing glucose-6-phosphate. The standard Gibbs free energy change (ΔG'°) for this reaction is -16.7 kJ/mol. - **Step 3**: - The conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate using phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1). This reaction also requires ATP, adding an additional phosphate group to the first carbon. The ΔG'° for this step is -14.2 kJ/mol. These steps help commit glucose to its breakdown into pyruvate, facilitating energy extraction.
Transcribed Image Text:**Glycolysis Educational Overview** 1. **Glycolysis Overview**: Glycolysis can be summarized as a 6-carbon structure becoming two 3-carbon structures. To truly understand what is going on, follow the carbons! - This figure summarizes the overall process of glycolysis with the carbon atoms labeled in corresponding colors. Draw out the structures for glucose-6-phosphate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, and the products from the aldolase and triose phosphate isomerase reactions, and pyruvate with numbered carbons. 2. **Key Questions**: - **b. Reversible Reactions**: How does the glycolysis reaction move forward with dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P or GAP) since the isomerization reaction is reversible? - **c. Glucose Retention**: How is glucose kept inside the cell, against a concentration gradient? - **d. Committed Step in Glycolysis**: In the preparatory phase, both reactions in step 1 and step 3 require ATP. Why is step 3 the first committed step in glycolysis? Stated another way, why is fructose 1,6-bisphosphate committed to become pyruvate and yield energy? 3. **Diagrams**: - **Step 1**: - The conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate using hexokinase. This reaction requires ATP and involves the addition of a phosphate group to the sixth carbon of glucose, producing glucose-6-phosphate. The standard Gibbs free energy change (ΔG'°) for this reaction is -16.7 kJ/mol. - **Step 3**: - The conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate using phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1). This reaction also requires ATP, adding an additional phosphate group to the first carbon. The ΔG'° for this step is -14.2 kJ/mol. These steps help commit glucose to its breakdown into pyruvate, facilitating energy extraction.
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