1. A sample of water having a pH of 7.2 has the following concentration of ions. Determine the water's total hardness. lon Concentration (mg/L) HCO, 110 so* 67.2 CI 11 lon Concentration (mg/L) Ca* 40 Mg* 10 Na* 11.8 K* 7.0

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Laboratory Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity

Hydraulic conductivity is the measure of flowability of water inside the soil in the presence of a hydraulic gradient. The hydraulic gradient is defined as the difference in the water heads in the soil, which induces a water motion. In simple terms, a hydraulic gradient is the presence of a potential that induces a flow of water.