www (pH=7). What is the total hardness (TH) of water that contains the following ion concentrations Species Nat Ca2+ Mg2 HCO3* CF A/3+ Molecular weight (g/mol) 23 40 24 61 35.5 27 a. 4.5 meq/L b. 625 mg/L as CaCO3 c. 225 mg/L as CaCO3 d. 7.8 meq/L e. 5.4 meq/L Concentration (mg/L) 56 40 30 190 165 30
www (pH=7). What is the total hardness (TH) of water that contains the following ion concentrations Species Nat Ca2+ Mg2 HCO3* CF A/3+ Molecular weight (g/mol) 23 40 24 61 35.5 27 a. 4.5 meq/L b. 625 mg/L as CaCO3 c. 225 mg/L as CaCO3 d. 7.8 meq/L e. 5.4 meq/L Concentration (mg/L) 56 40 30 190 165 30
Chapter2: Loads On Structures
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1P
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please explain everything on how its done. homework practice

Transcribed Image Text:**Determining Total Hardness (TH) of Water Using Ion Concentrations**
**Problem Statement:**
What is the total hardness (TH) of water that contains the following ion concentrations (pH = 7)?
**Ion Concentrations Table:**
| Species | Molecular weight (g/mol) | Concentration (mg/L) |
|---------|--------------------------|----------------------|
| Na⁺ | 23 | 56 |
| Ca²⁺ | 40 | 40 |
| Mg²⁺ | 24 | 30 |
| HCO₃⁻ | 61 | 190 |
| Cl⁻ | 35.5 | 165 |
| Al³⁺ | 27 | 30 |
**Multiple Choice Options for Total Hardness (TH):**
a. 4.5 meq/L
b. 625 mg/L as CaCO₃
c. 225 mg/L as CaCO₃
d. 7.8 meq/L
e. 5.4 meq/L
**Explanation:**
To calculate the total hardness, consider the contribution of calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺), as these ions are primarily responsible for water hardness. Calculate their equivalent hardness in terms of milliequivalents per liter (meq/L) and then convert to mg/L as calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) if necessary.
**Note:** The provided options involve different units and expressions for total hardness, which should align with standard calculations and conversions in water chemistry.
Expert Solution

Step 1: State the given data
Given:
Required:
Total hardness of water
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Solved in 5 steps with 4 images
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