1. Summarize the primary source document by giving a few sentences saying what it is and where it came from, and then writing a paragraph or two that describes what is says. 2. Analyze the source by stating your own informed opinion, about what the source means in its context and you should talk about each source in the context of the history we are studying—that it, in its own time and place—rather than comparing it to modern events, people, orinstitutions. (35) Persons who are over thirty when manumitted and have become Latins can obtain full citizen rightsby having the ceremony of manumission repeated; so can those manumitted below thirty, when they reachthat age. In every case a Junian Latin over thirty, whose manumission is formally repeated by the manwho has Quiritary ownership over him by the ceremony of the rod, the census or will, becomes a Romancitizen and the freedman of the man who performed the second manumission. Consequently: if you holdthe right to use a slave (possessio), but he belongs to me according to Quiritary law, then he can be madea Latin by you, acting alone; but the second manumission can be performed only by me, and not by youas well, and as a result he becomes my freedman. Even if he attains the full status of a Roman citizen byany of the other procedures, he still becomes my freedman. On the other hand, you are given possessionof any property he leaves behind when he dies, whatever the way in which he had obtained full citizenstatus. But if he belongs to the same owner both by possession and according to Quiritary law, he canbecome both a Latin and a full Roman citizen by a single act of manumission.Restrictions on Manumission(36) Not everyone who wishes to manumit is legally permitted to do so.(37) A manumission made with a view to defraud creditors or a patron is void; the liberation is preventedby the Lex Aelia Sentia.(38) The same Lex also prevents an owner under twenty from manumitting, except by the rod and after acouncil has accepted that there is a just reason.(39) Just reasons for manumission exist where, for instance, someone manumits his father or mother, orhis paedagogus, or someone who has been brought up with him. But the reasons instanced above for thecase of slaves manumitted when under thirty can be put forward here too; and conversely, thosementioned in the case of an owner under twenty may also apply for a slave under thirty.(40) The result of this restriction on the freeing of slaves by owners aged under twenty imposed by theLex Aelia Sentia is that, although an owner who has reached the age of fourteen can make a will andinstitute an heir and leave legacies, if he is still under twenty he cannot give a slave his freedom.(41) And even if an owner under twenty wants to make his slave a Latin, he still has to prove before acouncil that there is a just reason, and only afterwards may he manumit the slave informally in thepresence of his friends.(42) The Lex Fufia Caninia [2 B.C.E.] set an additional restriction on the manumission of slaves by will.(43) Those who own more than two and not more than ten slaves are allowed to manumit up to half thenumber; those who own more than ten and not more than thirty are allowed to manumit up to a third; butthose who own more than thirty and not more than a hundred have the right to manumit up to a quarter;and finally, those who own more than a hundred and not more than five hundred are allowed to manumitnot more than a fifth; those who own more than five hundred are not given the right to manumit any more-the law forbids anyone to manumit more than a hundred. But if you only own one or two slaves, youare not covered by this law, and there are no restrictions upon your freedom to manumit.(44) Nor does this law apply to those who free their slaves by some other procedure than by will. Thus, amaster manumitting by the rod or by census or informally in the presence of his friends, may set free hiswhole household, so long as there is no other impediment to giving them their freedom.(45) What we have said regarding the number of slaves who may be manumitted by will is to beinterpreted in such a way that in a situation where only half, a quarter or a fifth may be freed, there is norequirement to manumit fewer than could have been manumitted under the preceding proportion. This isprovided for in the law itself, for it would have been absurd if the owner of ten slaves should be allowed

. Summarize the primary source document by giving a few sentences saying what it is and where it came from, and then writing a paragraph or two that describes what is says. 2. Analyze the source by stating your own informed opinion, about what the source means in its context and you should talk about each source in the context of the history we are studying— that it, in its own time and place—rather than comparing it to modern events, people, or institutions.

. Summarize the primary source document by giving a few sentences saying what it is and where it came from, and then writing a paragraph or two that describes what is says. 2. Analyze the source by stating your own informed opinion, about what the source means in its context and you should talk about each source in the context of the history we are studying— that it, in its own time and place—rather than comparing it to modern events, people, or institutions.